# Class InitialContext

java.lang.Object
javax.naming.InitialContext

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `Context`

Direct Known Subclasses:
  `InitialDirContext`

public class InitialContext extends Object implements Context
This class is the starting context for performing naming operations.

All naming operations are relative to a context. The initial context implements the Context interface and provides the starting point for resolution of names.

When the initial context is constructed, its environment is initialized with properties defined in the environment parameter passed to the constructor, and in any application resource files.

JNDI determines each property's value by merging the values from the following two sources, in order:

1. The first occurrence of the property from the constructor's environment parameter and system properties.
2. The application resource files (`jndi.properties`).

For each property found in both of these two sources, or in more than one application resource file, the property's value is determined as follows. If the property is one of the standard JNDI properties that specify a list of JNDI factories (see `Context`), all of the values are concatenated into a single colon-separated list. For other properties, only the first value found is used.

The initial context implementation is determined at runtime. The default policy uses the environment property "`java.naming.factory.initial`", which contains the class name of the initial context factory. An exception to this policy is made when resolving URL strings, as described below.

When a URL string (a `String` of the form scheme_id:rest_of_name) is passed as a name parameter to any method, a URL context factory for handling that scheme is located and used to resolve the URL. If no such factory is found, the initial context specified by `"java.naming.factory.initial"` is used. Similarly, when a `CompositeName` object whose first component is a URL string is passed as a name parameter to any method, a URL context factory is located and used to resolve the first name component. See `NamingManager.getURLContext()` for a description of how URL context factories are located.

This default policy of locating the initial context and URL context factories may be overridden by calling `NamingManager.setInitialContextFactoryBuilder()`.

NoInitialContextException is thrown when an initial context cannot be instantiated. This exception can be thrown during any interaction with the InitialContext, not only when the InitialContext is constructed. For example, the implementation of the initial context might lazily retrieve the context only when actual methods are invoked on it. The application should not have any dependency on when the existence of an initial context is determined.

When the environment property "java.naming.factory.initial" is non-null, the InitialContext constructor will attempt to create the initial context specified therein. At that time, the initial context factory involved might throw an exception if a problem is encountered. However, it is provider implementation-dependent when it verifies and indicates to the users of the initial context any environment property- or connection- related problems. It can do so lazily--delaying until an operation is performed on the context, or eagerly, at the time the context is constructed.

An InitialContext instance is not synchronized against concurrent access by multiple threads. Multiple threads each manipulating a different InitialContext instance need not synchronize. Threads that need to access a single InitialContext instance concurrently should synchronize amongst themselves and provide the necessary locking.

Since:
  1.3, JNDI 1.1
See Also:
  - `Context`
  - `NamingManager.setInitialContextFactoryBuilder`

- ## Field Summary

  Fields
  Modifier and Type
  Field
  Description
  `protected Context`
  `defaultInitCtx`
  Field holding the result of calling NamingManager.getInitialContext().
  `protected boolean`
  `gotDefault`
  Field indicating whether the initial context has been obtained by calling NamingManager.getInitialContext().
  `protected Hashtable<Object,Object>`
  `myProps`
  The environment associated with this InitialContext.

  ### Fields declared in interface Context

  `AUTHORITATIVE, BATCHSIZE, DNS_URL, INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, LANGUAGE, OBJECT_FACTORIES, PROVIDER_URL, REFERRAL, SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, SECURITY_PROTOCOL, STATE_FACTORIES, URL_PKG_PREFIXES`
  Modifier and Type
  Field
  Description
  `static final String`
  `AUTHORITATIVE`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the authoritativeness of the service requested.
  `static final String`
  `BATCHSIZE`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the batch size to use when returning data via the service's protocol.
  `static final String`
  `DNS_URL`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the DNS host and domain names to use for the JNDI URL context (for example, "dns://somehost/wiz.com").
  `static final String`
  `INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the initial context factory to use.
  `static final String`
  `LANGUAGE`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the preferred language to use with the service.
  `static final String`
  `OBJECT_FACTORIES`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the list of object factories to use.
  `static final String`
  `PROVIDER_URL`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying configuration information for the service provider to use.
  `static final String`
  `REFERRAL`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying how referrals encountered by the service provider are to be processed.
  `static final String`
  `SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the security level to use.
  `static final String`
  `SECURITY_CREDENTIALS`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the credentials of the principal for authenticating the caller to the service.
  `static final String`
  `SECURITY_PRINCIPAL`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the identity of the principal for authenticating the caller to the service.
  `static final String`
  `SECURITY_PROTOCOL`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the security protocol to use.
  `static final String`
  `STATE_FACTORIES`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the list of state factories to use.
  `static final String`
  `URL_PKG_PREFIXES`
  Constant that holds the name of the environment property for specifying the list of package prefixes to use when loading in URL context factories.

- ## Constructor Summary

  Constructors
  Modifier
  Constructor
  Description
  ``
  `InitialContext()`
  Constructs an initial context.
  `protected`
  `InitialContext(boolean lazy)`
  Constructs an initial context with the option of not initializing it.
  ``
  `InitialContext(Hashtable<?,?> environment)`
  Constructs an initial context using the supplied environment.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `Object`
  `addToEnvironment(String propName, Object propVal)`
  Adds a new environment property to the environment of this context.
  `void`
  `bind(String name, Object obj)`
  Binds a name to an object.
  `void`
  `bind(Name name, Object obj)`
  Binds a name to an object.
  `void`
  `close()`
  Closes this context.
  `String`
  `composeName(String name, String prefix)`
  Composes the name of this context with a name relative to this context.
  `Name`
  `composeName(Name name, Name prefix)`
  Composes the name of this context with a name relative to this context.
  `Context`
  `createSubcontext(String name)`
  Creates and binds a new context.
  `Context`
  `createSubcontext(Name name)`
  Creates and binds a new context.
  `void`
  `destroySubcontext(String name)`
  Destroys the named context and removes it from the namespace.
  `void`
  `destroySubcontext(Name name)`
  Destroys the named context and removes it from the namespace.
  `static <T> T`
  `doLookup(String name)`
  A static method to retrieve the named object.
  `static <T> T`
  `doLookup(Name name)`
  A static method to retrieve the named object.
  `protected Context`
  `getDefaultInitCtx()`
  Retrieves the initial context by calling `NamingManager.getInitialContext()` and cache it in defaultInitCtx.
  `Hashtable<?,?>`
  `getEnvironment()`
  Retrieves the environment in effect for this context.
  `String`
  `getNameInNamespace()`
  Retrieves the full name of this context within its own namespace.
  `NameParser`
  `getNameParser(String name)`
  Retrieves the parser associated with the named context.
  `NameParser`
  `getNameParser(Name name)`
  Retrieves the parser associated with the named context.
  `protected Context`
  `getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(String name)`
  Retrieves a context for resolving the string name `name`.
  `protected Context`
  `getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(Name name)`
  Retrieves a context for resolving `name`.
  `protected void`
  `init(Hashtable<?,?> environment)`
  Initializes the initial context using the supplied environment.
  `NamingEnumeration<NameClassPair>`
  `list(String name)`
  Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the class names of objects bound to them.
  `NamingEnumeration<NameClassPair>`
  `list(Name name)`
  Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the class names of objects bound to them.
  `NamingEnumeration<Binding>`
  `listBindings(String name)`
  Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the objects bound to them.
  `NamingEnumeration<Binding>`
  `listBindings(Name name)`
  Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the objects bound to them.
  `Object`
  `lookup(String name)`
  Retrieves the named object.
  `Object`
  `lookup(Name name)`
  Retrieves the named object.
  `Object`
  `lookupLink(String name)`
  Retrieves the named object, following links except for the terminal atomic component of the name.
  `Object`
  `lookupLink(Name name)`
  Retrieves the named object, following links except for the terminal atomic component of the name.
  `void`
  `rebind(String name, Object obj)`
  Binds a name to an object, overwriting any existing binding.
  `void`
  `rebind(Name name, Object obj)`
  Binds a name to an object, overwriting any existing binding.
  `Object`
  `removeFromEnvironment(String propName)`
  Removes an environment property from the environment of this context.
  `void`
  `rename(String oldName, String newName)`
  Binds a new name to the object bound to an old name, and unbinds the old name.
  `void`
  `rename(Name oldName, Name newName)`
  Binds a new name to the object bound to an old name, and unbinds the old name.
  `void`
  `unbind(String name)`
  Unbinds the named object.
  `void`
  `unbind(Name name)`
  Unbinds the named object.

  ### Methods declared in class Object

  `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`
  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `protected Object`
  `clone()`
  Creates and returns a copy of this object.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object obj)`
  Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
  `protected void`
  `finalize()`
  Deprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.
  Finalization is deprecated and subject to removal in a future release.
  `final Class<?>`
  `getClass()`
  Returns the runtime class of this `Object`.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns a hash code value for this object.
  `final void`
  `notify()`
  Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
  `final void`
  `notifyAll()`
  Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string representation of the object.
  `final void`
  `wait()`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis, int nanos)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.

- ## Field Details

  - ### myProps

    protected Hashtable<Object,Object> myProps
    The environment associated with this InitialContext. It is initialized to null and is updated by the constructor that accepts an environment or by the `init()` method.
    See Also:
      - `addToEnvironment(String, Object)`
      - `removeFromEnvironment(String)`
      - `getEnvironment()`

  - ### defaultInitCtx

    protected Context defaultInitCtx
    Field holding the result of calling NamingManager.getInitialContext(). It is set by getDefaultInitCtx() the first time getDefaultInitCtx() is called. Subsequent invocations of getDefaultInitCtx() return the value of defaultInitCtx.
    See Also:
      - `getDefaultInitCtx()`

  - ### gotDefault

    protected boolean gotDefault
    Field indicating whether the initial context has been obtained by calling NamingManager.getInitialContext(). If true, its result is in `defaultInitCtx`.

- ## Constructor Details

  - ### InitialContext

    protected InitialContext(boolean lazy) throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial context with the option of not initializing it. This may be used by a constructor in a subclass when the value of the environment parameter is not yet known at the time the `InitialContext` constructor is called. The subclass's constructor will call this constructor, compute the value of the environment, and then call `init()` before returning.
    Parameters:
      `lazy` - true means do not initialize the initial context; false is equivalent to calling `new InitialContext()`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    Since:
      1.3
    See Also:
      - `init(Hashtable)`

  - ### InitialContext

    public InitialContext() throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial context. No environment properties are supplied. Equivalent to `new InitialContext(null)`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `InitialContext(Hashtable)`

  - ### InitialContext

    public InitialContext(Hashtable<?,?> environment) throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial context using the supplied environment. Environment properties are discussed in the class description.

    This constructor will not modify `environment` or save a reference to it, but may save a clone. Caller should not modify mutable keys and values in `environment` after it has been passed to the constructor.

    Parameters:
      `environment` - environment used to create the initial context. Null indicates an empty environment.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

- ## Method Details

  - ### init

    protected void init(Hashtable<?,?> environment) throws NamingException
    Initializes the initial context using the supplied environment. Environment properties are discussed in the class description.

    This method will modify `environment` and save a reference to it. The caller may no longer modify it.

    Parameters:
      `environment` - environment used to create the initial context. Null indicates an empty environment.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    Since:
      1.3
    See Also:
      - `InitialContext(boolean)`

  - ### doLookup

    public static <T> T doLookup(Name name) throws NamingException
    A static method to retrieve the named object. This is a shortcut method equivalent to invoking:

    `InitialContext ic = new InitialContext(); Object obj = ic.lookup();`

    If `name` is empty, returns a new instance of this context (which represents the same naming context as this context, but its environment may be modified independently and it may be accessed concurrently).

    Type Parameters:
      `T` - the type of the returned object
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    Since:
      1.6
    See Also:
      - `doLookup(String)`
      - `lookup(Name)`

  - ### doLookup

    public static <T> T doLookup(String name) throws NamingException
    A static method to retrieve the named object. See `doLookup(Name)` for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `T` - the type of the returned object
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### getDefaultInitCtx

    protected Context getDefaultInitCtx() throws NamingException
    Retrieves the initial context by calling `NamingManager.getInitialContext()` and cache it in defaultInitCtx. Set `gotDefault` so that we know we've tried this before.
    Returns:
      The non-null cached initial context.
    Throws:
      `NoInitialContextException` - If cannot find an initial context.
      `NamingException` - If a naming exception was encountered.

  - ### getURLOrDefaultInitCtx

    protected Context getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(String name) throws NamingException
    Retrieves a context for resolving the string name `name`. If `name` name is a URL string, then attempt to find a URL context for it. If none is found, or if `name` is not a URL string, then return `getDefaultInitCtx()`.

    See getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(Name) for description of how a subclass should use this method.

    Parameters:
      `name` - The non-null name for which to get the context.
    Returns:
      A URL context for `name` or the cached initial context. The result cannot be null.
    Throws:
      `NoInitialContextException` - If cannot find an initial context.
      `NamingException` - In a naming exception is encountered.
    See Also:
      - `NamingManager.getURLContext(String, Hashtable)`

  - ### getURLOrDefaultInitCtx

    protected Context getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(Name name) throws NamingException
    Retrieves a context for resolving `name`. If the first component of `name` name is a URL string, then attempt to find a URL context for it. If none is found, or if the first component of `name` is not a URL string, then return `getDefaultInitCtx()`.

    When creating a subclass of InitialContext, use this method as follows. Define a new method that uses this method to get an initial context of the desired subclass.

    >      protected XXXContext getURLOrDefaultInitXXXCtx(Name name)
    >      throws NamingException {
    >       Context answer = getURLOrDefaultInitCtx(name);
    >       if (!(answer instanceof XXXContext)) {
    >         if (answer == null) {
    >           throw new NoInitialContextException();
    >         } else {
    >           throw new NotContextException("Not an XXXContext");
    >         }
    >       }
    >       return (XXXContext)answer;
    >      }

    When providing implementations for the new methods in the subclass, use this newly defined method to get the initial context.

    >      public Object XXXMethod1(Name name, ...) {
    >       throws NamingException {
    >         return getURLOrDefaultInitXXXCtx(name).XXXMethod1(name, ...);
    >      }

    Parameters:
      `name` - The non-null name for which to get the context.
    Returns:
      A URL context for `name` or the cached initial context. The result cannot be null.
    Throws:
      `NoInitialContextException` - If cannot find an initial context.
      `NamingException` - In a naming exception is encountered.
    See Also:
      - `NamingManager.getURLContext(String, Hashtable)`

  - ### lookup

    public Object lookup(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the named object. See `Context.lookup(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `lookup` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### lookup

    public Object lookup(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the named object. If `name` is empty, returns a new instance of this context (which represents the same naming context as this context, but its environment may be modified independently and it may be accessed concurrently).
    Specified by:
      `lookup` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.lookup(String)`
      - `Context.lookupLink(Name)`

  - ### bind

    public void bind(String name, Object obj) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a name to an object. See `Context.bind(Name, Object)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `bind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if object did not supply all mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### bind

    public void bind(Name name, Object obj) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a name to an object. All intermediate contexts and the target context (that named by all but terminal atomic component of the name) must already exist.
    Specified by:
      `bind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if object did not supply all mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.bind(String, Object)`
      - `Context.rebind(Name, Object)`
      - `DirContext.bind(Name, Object, javax.naming.directory.Attributes)`

  - ### rebind

    public void rebind(String name, Object obj) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a name to an object, overwriting any existing binding. See `Context.rebind(Name, Object)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `rebind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
    Throws:
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if object did not supply all mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### rebind

    public void rebind(Name name, Object obj) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a name to an object, overwriting any existing binding. All intermediate contexts and the target context (that named by all but terminal atomic component of the name) must already exist.

    If the object is a `DirContext`, any existing attributes associated with the name are replaced with those of the object. Otherwise, any existing attributes associated with the name remain unchanged.

    Specified by:
      `rebind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
    Throws:
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if object did not supply all mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.rebind(String, Object)`
      - `Context.bind(Name, Object)`
      - `DirContext.rebind(Name, Object, javax.naming.directory.Attributes)`
      - `DirContext`

  - ### unbind

    public void unbind(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Unbinds the named object. See `Context.unbind(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `unbind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to unbind; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameNotFoundException` - if an intermediate context does not exist
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### unbind

    public void unbind(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Unbinds the named object. Removes the terminal atomic name in `name` from the target context--that named by all but the terminal atomic part of `name`.

    This method is idempotent. It succeeds even if the terminal atomic name is not bound in the target context, but throws `NameNotFoundException` if any of the intermediate contexts do not exist.

    Any attributes associated with the name are removed. Intermediate contexts are not changed.

    Specified by:
      `unbind` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to unbind; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameNotFoundException` - if an intermediate context does not exist
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.unbind(String)`

  - ### rename

    public void rename(String oldName, String newName) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a new name to the object bound to an old name, and unbinds the old name. See `Context.rename(Name, Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `rename` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `oldName` - the name of the existing binding; may not be empty
      `newName` - the name of the new binding; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if `newName` is already bound
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### rename

    public void rename(Name oldName, Name newName) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Binds a new name to the object bound to an old name, and unbinds the old name. Both names are relative to this context. Any attributes associated with the old name become associated with the new name. Intermediate contexts of the old name are not changed.
    Specified by:
      `rename` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `oldName` - the name of the existing binding; may not be empty
      `newName` - the name of the new binding; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if `newName` is already bound
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.rename(String, String)`
      - `Context.bind(Name, Object)`
      - `Context.rebind(Name, Object)`

  - ### list

    public NamingEnumeration<NameClassPair> list(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the class names of objects bound to them. See `Context.list(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `list` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to list
    Returns:
      an enumeration of the names and class names of the bindings in this context. Each element of the enumeration is of type `NameClassPair`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### list

    public NamingEnumeration<NameClassPair> list(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the class names of objects bound to them. The contents of any subcontexts are not included.

    If a binding is added to or removed from this context, its effect on an enumeration previously returned is undefined.

    Specified by:
      `list` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to list
    Returns:
      an enumeration of the names and class names of the bindings in this context. Each element of the enumeration is of type `NameClassPair`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.list(String)`
      - `Context.listBindings(Name)`
      - `NameClassPair`

  - ### listBindings

    public NamingEnumeration<Binding> listBindings(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the objects bound to them. See `Context.listBindings(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `listBindings` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to list
    Returns:
      an enumeration of the bindings in this context. Each element of the enumeration is of type `Binding`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### listBindings

    public NamingEnumeration<Binding> listBindings(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Enumerates the names bound in the named context, along with the objects bound to them. The contents of any subcontexts are not included.

    If a binding is added to or removed from this context, its effect on an enumeration previously returned is undefined.

    Specified by:
      `listBindings` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to list
    Returns:
      an enumeration of the bindings in this context. Each element of the enumeration is of type `Binding`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.listBindings(String)`
      - `Context.list(Name)`
      - `Binding`

  - ### destroySubcontext

    public void destroySubcontext(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Destroys the named context and removes it from the namespace. See `Context.destroySubcontext(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `destroySubcontext` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to be destroyed; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameNotFoundException` - if an intermediate context does not exist
      `NotContextException` - if the name is bound but does not name a context, or does not name a context of the appropriate type
      `ContextNotEmptyException` - if the named context is not empty
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### destroySubcontext

    public void destroySubcontext(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Destroys the named context and removes it from the namespace. Any attributes associated with the name are also removed. Intermediate contexts are not destroyed.

    This method is idempotent. It succeeds even if the terminal atomic name is not bound in the target context, but throws `NameNotFoundException` if any of the intermediate contexts do not exist.

    In a federated naming system, a context from one naming system may be bound to a name in another. One can subsequently look up and perform operations on the foreign context using a composite name. However, an attempt destroy the context using this composite name will fail with `NotContextException`, because the foreign context is not a "subcontext" of the context in which it is bound. Instead, use `unbind()` to remove the binding of the foreign context. Destroying the foreign context requires that the `destroySubcontext()` be performed on a context from the foreign context's "native" naming system.

    Specified by:
      `destroySubcontext` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to be destroyed; may not be empty
    Throws:
      `NameNotFoundException` - if an intermediate context does not exist
      `NotContextException` - if the name is bound but does not name a context, or does not name a context of the appropriate type
      `ContextNotEmptyException` - if the named context is not empty
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.destroySubcontext(String)`

  - ### createSubcontext

    public Context createSubcontext(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Creates and binds a new context. See `Context.createSubcontext(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `createSubcontext` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to create; may not be empty
    Returns:
      the newly created context
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if creation of the subcontext requires specification of mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### createSubcontext

    public Context createSubcontext(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Creates and binds a new context. Creates a new context with the given name and binds it in the target context (that named by all but terminal atomic component of the name). All intermediate contexts and the target context must already exist.
    Specified by:
      `createSubcontext` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to create; may not be empty
    Returns:
      the newly created context
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if creation of the subcontext requires specification of mandatory attributes
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.createSubcontext(String)`
      - `DirContext.createSubcontext(Name, Attributes)`

  - ### lookupLink

    public Object lookupLink(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the named object, following links except for the terminal atomic component of the name. See `Context.lookupLink(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `lookupLink` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`, not following the terminal link (if any)
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### lookupLink

    public Object lookupLink(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the named object, following links except for the terminal atomic component of the name. If the object bound to `name` is not a link, returns the object itself.
    Specified by:
      `lookupLink` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object to look up
    Returns:
      the object bound to `name`, not following the terminal link (if any).
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.lookupLink(String)`

  - ### getNameParser

    public NameParser getNameParser(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the parser associated with the named context. See `Context.getNameParser(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `getNameParser` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context from which to get the parser
    Returns:
      a name parser that can parse compound names into their atomic components
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getNameParser

    public NameParser getNameParser(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the parser associated with the named context. In a federation of namespaces, different naming systems will parse names differently. This method allows an application to get a parser for parsing names into their atomic components using the naming convention of a particular naming system. Within any single naming system, `NameParser` objects returned by this method must be equal (using the `equals()` test).
    Specified by:
      `getNameParser` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context from which to get the parser
    Returns:
      a name parser that can parse compound names into their atomic components
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.getNameParser(String)`
      - `CompoundName`

  - ### composeName

    public String composeName(String name, String prefix) throws NamingException
    Composes the name of this context with a name relative to this context. Since an initial context may never be named relative to any context other than itself, the value of the `prefix` parameter must be an empty name (`""`).
    Specified by:
      `composeName` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - a name relative to this context
      `prefix` - the name of this context relative to one of its ancestors
    Returns:
      the composition of `prefix` and `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### composeName

    public Name composeName(Name name, Name prefix) throws NamingException
    Composes the name of this context with a name relative to this context. Since an initial context may never be named relative to any context other than itself, the value of the `prefix` parameter must be an empty name.
    Specified by:
      `composeName` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `name` - a name relative to this context
      `prefix` - the name of this context relative to one of its ancestors
    Returns:
      the composition of `prefix` and `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.composeName(String, String)`

  - ### addToEnvironment

    public Object addToEnvironment(String propName, Object propVal) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Adds a new environment property to the environment of this context. If the property already exists, its value is overwritten. See class description for more details on environment properties.
    Specified by:
      `addToEnvironment` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `propName` - the name of the environment property to add; may not be null
      `propVal` - the value of the property to add; may not be null
    Returns:
      the previous value of the property, or null if the property was not in the environment before
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.getEnvironment()`
      - `Context.removeFromEnvironment(String)`

  - ### removeFromEnvironment

    public Object removeFromEnvironment(String propName) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Removes an environment property from the environment of this context. See class description for more details on environment properties.
    Specified by:
      `removeFromEnvironment` in interface `Context`
    Parameters:
      `propName` - the name of the environment property to remove; may not be null
    Returns:
      the previous value of the property, or null if the property was not in the environment
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.getEnvironment()`
      - `Context.addToEnvironment(String, Object)`

  - ### getEnvironment

    public Hashtable<?,?> getEnvironment() throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the environment in effect for this context. See class description for more details on environment properties.

    The caller should not make any changes to the object returned: their effect on the context is undefined. The environment of this context may be changed using `addToEnvironment()` and `removeFromEnvironment()`.

    Specified by:
      `getEnvironment` in interface `Context`
    Returns:
      the environment of this context; never null
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.addToEnvironment(String, Object)`
      - `Context.removeFromEnvironment(String)`

  - ### close

    public void close() throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Closes this context. This method releases this context's resources immediately, instead of waiting for them to be released automatically by the garbage collector.

    This method is idempotent: invoking it on a context that has already been closed has no effect. Invoking any other method on a closed context is not allowed, and results in undefined behaviour.

    Specified by:
      `close` in interface `Context`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getNameInNamespace

    public String getNameInNamespace() throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `Context`
    Retrieves the full name of this context within its own namespace.

    Many naming services have a notion of a "full name" for objects in their respective namespaces. For example, an LDAP entry has a distinguished name, and a DNS record has a fully qualified name. This method allows the client application to retrieve this name. The string returned by this method is not a JNDI composite name and should not be passed directly to context methods. In naming systems for which the notion of full name does not make sense, `OperationNotSupportedException` is thrown.

    Specified by:
      `getNameInNamespace` in interface `Context`
    Returns:
      this context's name in its own namespace; never null
    Throws:
      `OperationNotSupportedException` - if the naming system does not have the notion of a full name
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered