# Class AlphaComposite

java.lang.Object
java.awt.AlphaComposite

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `Composite`

public final class AlphaComposite extends Object implements Composite
The `AlphaComposite` class implements basic alpha compositing rules for combining source and destination colors to achieve blending and transparency effects with graphics and images. The specific rules implemented by this class are the basic set of 12 rules described in T. Porter and T. Duff, "Compositing Digital Images", SIGGRAPH 84, 253-259. The rest of this documentation assumes some familiarity with the definitions and concepts outlined in that paper.

This class extends the standard equations defined by Porter and Duff to include one additional factor. An instance of the `AlphaComposite` class can contain an alpha value that is used to modify the opacity or coverage of every source pixel before it is used in the blending equations.

It is important to note that the equations defined by the Porter and Duff paper are all defined to operate on color components that are premultiplied by their corresponding alpha components. Since the `ColorModel` and `Raster` classes allow the storage of pixel data in either premultiplied or non-premultiplied form, all input data must be normalized into premultiplied form before applying the equations and all results might need to be adjusted back to the form required by the destination before the pixel values are stored.

Also note that this class defines only the equations for combining color and alpha values in a purely mathematical sense. The accurate application of its equations depends on the way the data is retrieved from its sources and stored in its destinations. See Implementation Caveats for further information.

The following factors are used in the description of the blending equation in the Porter and Duff paper:

Factors
Factor | Definition
--- | ---
As | the alpha component of the source pixel
Cs | a color component of the source pixel in premultiplied form
Ad | the alpha component of the destination pixel
Cd | a color component of the destination pixel in premultiplied form
Fs | the fraction of the source pixel that contributes to the output
Fd | the fraction of the destination pixel that contributes to the output
Ar | the alpha component of the result
Cr | a color component of the result in premultiplied form

Using these factors, Porter and Duff define 12 ways of choosing the blending factors Fs and Fd to produce each of 12 desirable visual effects. The equations for determining Fs and Fd are given in the descriptions of the 12 static fields that specify visual effects. For example, the description for `SRC_OVER` specifies that Fs = 1 and Fd = (1-As). Once a set of equations for determining the blending factors is known they can then be applied to each pixel to produce a result using the following set of equations:

         Fs = f(Ad)
         Fd = f(As)
         Ar = As*Fs + Ad*Fd
         Cr = Cs*Fs + Cd*Fd

The following factors will be used to discuss our extensions to the blending equation in the Porter and Duff paper:

Factors
Factor | Definition
--- | ---
Csr | one of the raw color components of the source pixel
Cdr | one of the raw color components of the destination pixel
Aac | the "extra" alpha component from the AlphaComposite instance
Asr | the raw alpha component of the source pixel
Adr | the raw alpha component of the destination pixel
Adf | the final alpha component stored in the destination
Cdf | the final raw color component stored in the destination

## Preparing Inputs

The `AlphaComposite` class defines an additional alpha value that is applied to the source alpha. This value is applied as if an implicit SRC_IN rule were first applied to the source pixel against a pixel with the indicated alpha by multiplying both the raw source alpha and the raw source colors by the alpha in the `AlphaComposite`. This leads to the following equation for producing the alpha used in the Porter and Duff blending equation:

         As = Asr * Aac

All of the raw source color components need to be multiplied by the alpha in the `AlphaComposite` instance. Additionally, if the source was not in premultiplied form then the color components also need to be multiplied by the source alpha. Thus, the equation for producing the source color components for the Porter and Duff equation depends on whether the source pixels are premultiplied or not:

         Cs = Csr * Asr * Aac     (if source is not premultiplied)
         Cs = Csr * Aac           (if source is premultiplied)

No adjustment needs to be made to the destination alpha:

         Ad = Adr

The destination color components need to be adjusted only if they are not in premultiplied form:

         Cd = Cdr * Ad    (if destination is not premultiplied)
         Cd = Cdr         (if destination is premultiplied)

## Applying the Blending Equation

The adjusted As, Ad, Cs, and Cd are used in the standard Porter and Duff equations to calculate the blending factors Fs and Fd and then the resulting premultiplied components Ar and Cr.

## Preparing Results

The results only need to be adjusted if they are to be stored back into a destination buffer that holds data that is not premultiplied, using the following equations:

         Adf = Ar
         Cdf = Cr                 (if dest is premultiplied)
         Cdf = Cr / Ar            (if dest is not premultiplied)

Note that since the division is undefined if the resulting alpha is zero, the division in that case is omitted to avoid the "divide by zero" and the color components are left as all zeros.

## Performance Considerations

For performance reasons, it is preferable that `Raster` objects passed to the `compose` method of a `CompositeContext` object created by the `AlphaComposite` class have premultiplied data. If either the source `Raster` or the destination `Raster` is not premultiplied, however, appropriate conversions are performed before and after the compositing operation.

## Implementation Caveats

- Many sources, such as some of the opaque image types listed in the `BufferedImage` class, do not store alpha values for their pixels. Such sources supply an alpha of 1.0 for all of their pixels.
- Many destinations also have no place to store the alpha values that result from the blending calculations performed by this class. Such destinations thus implicitly discard the resulting alpha values that this class produces. It is recommended that such destinations should treat their stored color values as non-premultiplied and divide the resulting color values by the resulting alpha value before storing the color values and discarding the alpha value.
- The accuracy of the results depends on the manner in which pixels are stored in the destination. An image format that provides at least 8 bits of storage per color and alpha component is at least adequate for use as a destination for a sequence of a few to a dozen compositing operations. An image format with fewer than 8 bits of storage per component is of limited use for just one or two compositing operations before the rounding errors dominate the results. An image format that does not separately store color components is not a good candidate for any type of translucent blending. For example, `BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_INDEXED` should not be used as a destination for a blending operation because every operation can introduce large errors, due to the need to choose a pixel from a limited palette to match the results of the blending equations.
- Nearly all formats store pixels as discrete integers rather than the floating point values used in the reference equations above. The implementation can either scale the integer pixel values into floating point values in the range 0.0 to 1.0 or use slightly modified versions of the equations that operate entirely in the integer domain and yet produce analogous results to the reference equations.

  Typically the integer values are related to the floating point values in such a way that the integer 0 is equated to the floating point value 0.0 and the integer 2^n-1 (where n is the number of bits in the representation) is equated to 1.0. For 8-bit representations, this means that 0x00 represents 0.0 and 0xff represents 1.0.

- The internal implementation can approximate some of the equations and it can also eliminate some steps to avoid unnecessary operations. For example, consider a discrete integer image with non-premultiplied alpha values that uses 8 bits per component for storage. The stored values for a nearly transparent darkened red might be:

         (A, R, G, B) = (0x01, 0xb0, 0x00, 0x00)

  If integer math were being used and this value were being composited in `SRC` mode with no extra alpha, then the math would indicate that the results were (in integer format):

         (A, R, G, B) = (0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00)

  Note that the intermediate values, which are always in premultiplied form, would only allow the integer red component to be either 0x00 or 0x01. When we try to store this result back into a destination that is not premultiplied, dividing out the alpha will give us very few choices for the non-premultiplied red value. In this case an implementation that performs the math in integer space without shortcuts is likely to end up with the final pixel values of:

         (A, R, G, B) = (0x01, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00)

  (Note that 0x01 divided by 0x01 gives you 1.0, which is equivalent to the value 0xff in an 8-bit storage format.)

  Alternately, an implementation that uses floating point math might produce more accurate results and end up returning to the original pixel value with little, if any, round-off error. Or, an implementation using integer math might decide that since the equations boil down to a virtual NOP on the color values if performed in a floating point space, it can transfer the pixel untouched to the destination and avoid all the math entirely.

  These implementations all attempt to honor the same equations, but use different tradeoffs of integer and floating point math and reduced or full equations. To account for such differences, it is probably best to expect only that the premultiplied form of the results to match between implementations and image formats. In this case both answers, expressed in premultiplied form would equate to:

         (A, R, G, B) = (0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00)

  and thus they would all match.

- Because of the technique of simplifying the equations for calculation efficiency, some implementations might perform differently when encountering result alpha values of 0.0 on a non-premultiplied destination. Note that the simplification of removing the divide by alpha in the case of the SRC rule is technically not valid if the denominator (alpha) is 0. But, since the results should only be expected to be accurate when viewed in premultiplied form, a resulting alpha of 0 essentially renders the resulting color components irrelevant and so exact behavior in this case should not be expected.

See Also:
  - `Composite`
  - `CompositeContext`

- ## Field Summary

  Fields
  Modifier and Type
  Field
  Description
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `Clear`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque CLEAR rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final int`
  `CLEAR`
  Both the color and the alpha of the destination are cleared (Porter-Duff Clear rule).
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `Dst`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final int`
  `DST`
  The destination is left untouched (Porter-Duff Destination rule).
  `static final int`
  `DST_ATOP`
  The part of the destination lying inside of the source is composited over the source and replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Atop Source rule).
  `static final int`
  `DST_IN`
  The part of the destination lying inside of the source replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination In Source rule).
  `static final int`
  `DST_OUT`
  The part of the destination lying outside of the source replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Held Out By Source rule).
  `static final int`
  `DST_OVER`
  The destination is composited over the source and the result replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Over Source rule).
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `DstAtop`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_ATOP rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `DstIn`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_IN rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `DstOut`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_OUT rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `DstOver`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_OVER rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `Src`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final int`
  `SRC`
  The source is copied to the destination (Porter-Duff Source rule).
  `static final int`
  `SRC_ATOP`
  The part of the source lying inside of the destination is composited onto the destination (Porter-Duff Source Atop Destination rule).
  `static final int`
  `SRC_IN`
  The part of the source lying inside of the destination replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Source In Destination rule).
  `static final int`
  `SRC_OUT`
  The part of the source lying outside of the destination replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Source Held Out By Destination rule).
  `static final int`
  `SRC_OVER`
  The source is composited over the destination (Porter-Duff Source Over Destination rule).
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `SrcAtop`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_ATOP rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `SrcIn`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_IN rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `SrcOut`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_OUT rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `SrcOver`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_OVER rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final AlphaComposite`
  `Xor`
  `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque XOR rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
  `static final int`
  `XOR`
  The part of the source that lies outside of the destination is combined with the part of the destination that lies outside of the source (Porter-Duff Source Xor Destination rule).

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `CompositeContext`
  `createContext(ColorModel srcColorModel, ColorModel dstColorModel, RenderingHints hints)`
  Creates a context for the compositing operation.
  `AlphaComposite`
  `derive(float alpha)`
  Returns a similar `AlphaComposite` object that uses the specified alpha value.
  `AlphaComposite`
  `derive(int rule)`
  Returns a similar `AlphaComposite` object that uses the specified compositing rule.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object obj)`
  Determines whether the specified object is equal to this `AlphaComposite`.
  `float`
  `getAlpha()`
  Returns the alpha value of this `AlphaComposite`.
  `static AlphaComposite`
  `getInstance(int rule)`
  Creates an `AlphaComposite` object with the specified rule.
  `static AlphaComposite`
  `getInstance(int rule, float alpha)`
  Creates an `AlphaComposite` object with the specified rule and the constant alpha to multiply with the alpha of the source.
  `int`
  `getRule()`
  Returns the compositing rule of this `AlphaComposite`.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns the hashcode for this composite.

  ### Methods declared in class Object

  `clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`
  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `protected Object`
  `clone()`
  Creates and returns a copy of this object.
  `protected void`
  `finalize()`
  Deprecated, for removal: This API element is subject to removal in a future version.
  Finalization is deprecated and subject to removal in a future release.
  `final Class<?>`
  `getClass()`
  Returns the runtime class of this `Object`.
  `final void`
  `notify()`
  Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
  `final void`
  `notifyAll()`
  Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string representation of the object.
  `final void`
  `wait()`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.
  `final void`
  `wait(long timeoutMillis, int nanos)`
  Causes the current thread to wait until it is awakened, typically by being notified or interrupted, or until a certain amount of real time has elapsed.

- ## Field Details

  - ### CLEAR

    @Native public static final int CLEAR
    Both the color and the alpha of the destination are cleared (Porter-Duff Clear rule). Neither the source nor the destination is used as input.

    Fs = 0 and Fd = 0, thus:

          Ar = 0
          Cr = 0

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### SRC

    @Native public static final int SRC
    The source is copied to the destination (Porter-Duff Source rule). The destination is not used as input.

    Fs = 1 and Fd = 0, thus:

          Ar = As
          Cr = Cs

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### DST

    @Native public static final int DST
    The destination is left untouched (Porter-Duff Destination rule).

    Fs = 0 and Fd = 1, thus:

          Ar = Ad
          Cr = Cd

    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### SRC_OVER

    @Native public static final int SRC_OVER
    The source is composited over the destination (Porter-Duff Source Over Destination rule).

    Fs = 1 and Fd = (1-As), thus:

          Ar = As + Ad*(1-As)
          Cr = Cs + Cd*(1-As)

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### DST_OVER

    @Native public static final int DST_OVER
    The destination is composited over the source and the result replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Over Source rule).

    Fs = (1-Ad) and Fd = 1, thus:

          Ar = As*(1-Ad) + Ad
          Cr = Cs*(1-Ad) + Cd

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### SRC_IN

    @Native public static final int SRC_IN
    The part of the source lying inside of the destination replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Source In Destination rule).

    Fs = Ad and Fd = 0, thus:

          Ar = As*Ad
          Cr = Cs*Ad

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### DST_IN

    @Native public static final int DST_IN
    The part of the destination lying inside of the source replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination In Source rule).

    Fs = 0 and Fd = As, thus:

          Ar = Ad*As
          Cr = Cd*As

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### SRC_OUT

    @Native public static final int SRC_OUT
    The part of the source lying outside of the destination replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Source Held Out By Destination rule).

    Fs = (1-Ad) and Fd = 0, thus:

          Ar = As*(1-Ad)
          Cr = Cs*(1-Ad)

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### DST_OUT

    @Native public static final int DST_OUT
    The part of the destination lying outside of the source replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Held Out By Source rule).

    Fs = 0 and Fd = (1-As), thus:

          Ar = Ad*(1-As)
          Cr = Cd*(1-As)

    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### SRC_ATOP

    @Native public static final int SRC_ATOP
    The part of the source lying inside of the destination is composited onto the destination (Porter-Duff Source Atop Destination rule).

    Fs = Ad and Fd = (1-As), thus:

          Ar = As*Ad + Ad*(1-As) = Ad
          Cr = Cs*Ad + Cd*(1-As)

    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### DST_ATOP

    @Native public static final int DST_ATOP
    The part of the destination lying inside of the source is composited over the source and replaces the destination (Porter-Duff Destination Atop Source rule).

    Fs = (1-Ad) and Fd = As, thus:

          Ar = As*(1-Ad) + Ad*As = As
          Cr = Cs*(1-Ad) + Cd*As

    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### XOR

    @Native public static final int XOR
    The part of the source that lies outside of the destination is combined with the part of the destination that lies outside of the source (Porter-Duff Source Xor Destination rule).

    Fs = (1-Ad) and Fd = (1-As), thus:

          Ar = As*(1-Ad) + Ad*(1-As)
          Cr = Cs*(1-Ad) + Cd*(1-As)

    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

  - ### Clear

    public static final AlphaComposite Clear
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque CLEAR rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `CLEAR`

  - ### Src

    public static final AlphaComposite Src
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `SRC`

  - ### Dst

    public static final AlphaComposite Dst
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - `DST`

  - ### SrcOver

    public static final AlphaComposite SrcOver
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_OVER rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `SRC_OVER`

  - ### DstOver

    public static final AlphaComposite DstOver
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_OVER rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `DST_OVER`

  - ### SrcIn

    public static final AlphaComposite SrcIn
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_IN rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `SRC_IN`

  - ### DstIn

    public static final AlphaComposite DstIn
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_IN rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `DST_IN`

  - ### SrcOut

    public static final AlphaComposite SrcOut
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_OUT rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `SRC_OUT`

  - ### DstOut

    public static final AlphaComposite DstOut
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_OUT rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    See Also:
      - `DST_OUT`

  - ### SrcAtop

    public static final AlphaComposite SrcAtop
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque SRC_ATOP rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - `SRC_ATOP`

  - ### DstAtop

    public static final AlphaComposite DstAtop
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque DST_ATOP rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - `DST_ATOP`

  - ### Xor

    public static final AlphaComposite Xor
    `AlphaComposite` object that implements the opaque XOR rule with an alpha of 1.0f.
    Since:
      1.4
    See Also:
      - `XOR`

- ## Method Details

  - ### getInstance

    public static AlphaComposite getInstance(int rule)
    Creates an `AlphaComposite` object with the specified rule.
    Parameters:
      `rule` - the compositing rule
    Returns:
      the `AlphaComposite` object created
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `rule` is not one of the following: `CLEAR`, `SRC`, `DST`, `SRC_OVER`, `DST_OVER`, `SRC_IN`, `DST_IN`, `SRC_OUT`, `DST_OUT`, `SRC_ATOP`, `DST_ATOP`, or `XOR`

  - ### getInstance

    public static AlphaComposite getInstance(int rule, float alpha)
    Creates an `AlphaComposite` object with the specified rule and the constant alpha to multiply with the alpha of the source. The source is multiplied with the specified alpha before being composited with the destination.
    Parameters:
      `rule` - the compositing rule
      `alpha` - the constant alpha to be multiplied with the alpha of the source. `alpha` must be a floating point number in the inclusive range [0.0, 1.0].
    Returns:
      the `AlphaComposite` object created
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `alpha` is less than 0.0 or greater than 1.0, or if `rule` is not one of the following: `CLEAR`, `SRC`, `DST`, `SRC_OVER`, `DST_OVER`, `SRC_IN`, `DST_IN`, `SRC_OUT`, `DST_OUT`, `SRC_ATOP`, `DST_ATOP`, or `XOR`

  - ### createContext

    public CompositeContext createContext(ColorModel srcColorModel, ColorModel dstColorModel, RenderingHints hints)
    Creates a context for the compositing operation. The context contains state that is used in performing the compositing operation.
    Specified by:
      `createContext` in interface `Composite`
    Parameters:
      `srcColorModel` - the `ColorModel` of the source
      `dstColorModel` - the `ColorModel` of the destination
      `hints` - the hint that the context object uses to choose between rendering alternatives
    Returns:
      the `CompositeContext` object to be used to perform compositing operations.

  - ### getAlpha

    public float getAlpha()
    Returns the alpha value of this `AlphaComposite`. If this `AlphaComposite` does not have an alpha value, 1.0 is returned.
    Returns:
      the alpha value of this `AlphaComposite`.

  - ### getRule

    public int getRule()
    Returns the compositing rule of this `AlphaComposite`.
    Returns:
      the compositing rule of this `AlphaComposite`.

  - ### derive

    public AlphaComposite derive(int rule)
    Returns a similar `AlphaComposite` object that uses the specified compositing rule. If this object already uses the specified compositing rule, this object is returned.
    Parameters:
      `rule` - the compositing rule
    Returns:
      an `AlphaComposite` object derived from this object that uses the specified compositing rule.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `rule` is not one of the following: `CLEAR`, `SRC`, `DST`, `SRC_OVER`, `DST_OVER`, `SRC_IN`, `DST_IN`, `SRC_OUT`, `DST_OUT`, `SRC_ATOP`, `DST_ATOP`, or `XOR`
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### derive

    public AlphaComposite derive(float alpha)
    Returns a similar `AlphaComposite` object that uses the specified alpha value. If this object already has the specified alpha value, this object is returned.
    Parameters:
      `alpha` - the constant alpha to be multiplied with the alpha of the source. `alpha` must be a floating point number in the inclusive range [0.0, 1.0].
    Returns:
      an `AlphaComposite` object derived from this object that uses the specified alpha value.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `alpha` is less than 0.0 or greater than 1.0
    Since:
      1.6

  - ### hashCode

    public int hashCode()
    Returns the hashcode for this composite.
    Overrides:
      `hashCode` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a hash code for this composite.
    See Also:
      - `Object.equals(java.lang.Object)`
      - `System.identityHashCode(Object)`

  - ### equals

    public boolean equals(Object obj)
    Determines whether the specified object is equal to this `AlphaComposite`.

    The result is `true` if and only if the argument is not `null` and is an `AlphaComposite` object that has the same compositing rule and alpha value as this object.

    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Object`
    Parameters:
      `obj` - the `Object` to test for equality
    Returns:
      `true` if `obj` equals this `AlphaComposite`; `false` otherwise.
    See Also:
      - `Object.hashCode()`
      - `HashMap`