Module java.base
Package java.lang.reflect

# Class Constructor<T>

java.lang.Object
java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject
java.lang.reflect.Executable
java.lang.reflect.Constructor<T>

Type Parameters:
  `T` - the class in which the constructor is declared

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `AnnotatedElement`, `GenericDeclaration`, `Member`

public final class Constructor<T> extends Executable
`Constructor` provides information about, and access to, a single constructor for a class.

`Constructor` permits widening conversions to occur when matching the actual parameters to newInstance() with the underlying constructor's formal parameters, but throws an `IllegalArgumentException` if a narrowing conversion would occur.

Since:
  1.1
See Also:
  - `Member`
  - `Class`
  - `Class.getConstructors()`
  - `Class.getConstructor(Class[])`
  - `Class.getDeclaredConstructors()`

- ## Field Summary

  ### Fields declared in interface java.lang.reflect.Member

  `DECLARED, PUBLIC`

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object obj)`
  Compares this `Constructor` against the specified object.
  `AnnotatedType`
  `getAnnotatedReceiverType()`
  Returns an `AnnotatedType` object that represents the use of a type to specify the receiver type of the method/constructor represented by this `Executable` object.
  `AnnotatedType`
  `getAnnotatedReturnType()`
  Returns an `AnnotatedType` object that represents the use of a type to specify the return type of the method/constructor represented by this Executable.
  `<T extends Annotation>
  T`
  `getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass)`
  Returns this element's annotation for the specified type if such an annotation is present, else null.
  `Annotation[]`
  `getDeclaredAnnotations()`
  Returns annotations that are directly present on this element.
  `Class<T>`
  `getDeclaringClass()`
  Returns the `Class` object representing the class that declares the constructor represented by this object.
  `Class<?>[]`
  `getExceptionTypes()`
  Returns an array of `Class` objects that represent the types of exceptions declared to be thrown by the underlying executable represented by this object.
  `Type[]`
  `getGenericExceptionTypes()`
  Returns an array of `Type` objects that represent the exceptions declared to be thrown by this executable object.
  `Type[]`
  `getGenericParameterTypes()`
  Returns an array of `Type` objects that represent the formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the executable represented by this object.
  `int`
  `getModifiers()`
  Returns the Java language modifiers for the executable represented by this object.
  `String`
  `getName()`
  Returns the name of this constructor, as a string.
  `Annotation[][]`
  `getParameterAnnotations()`
  Returns an array of arrays of `Annotation`s that represent the annotations on the formal parameters, in declaration order, of the `Executable` represented by this object.
  `int`
  `getParameterCount()`
  Returns the number of formal parameters (whether explicitly declared or implicitly declared or neither) for the executable represented by this object.
  `Class<?>[]`
  `getParameterTypes()`
  Returns an array of `Class` objects that represent the formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the executable represented by this object.
  `TypeVariable<Constructor<T>>[]`
  `getTypeParameters()`
  Returns an array of `TypeVariable` objects that represent the type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this `GenericDeclaration` object, in declaration order.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns a hashcode for this `Constructor`.
  `boolean`
  `isSynthetic()`
  Returns `true` if this executable is a synthetic construct; returns `false` otherwise.
  `boolean`
  `isVarArgs()`
  Returns `true` if this executable was declared to take a variable number of arguments; returns `false` otherwise.
  `T`
  `newInstance(Object... initargs)`
  Uses the constructor represented by this `Constructor` object to create and initialize a new instance of the constructor's declaring class, with the specified initialization parameters.
  `void`
  `setAccessible(boolean flag)`
  Set the `accessible` flag for this reflected object to the indicated boolean value.
  `String`
  `toGenericString()`
  Returns a string describing this `Constructor`, including type parameters.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string describing this `Constructor`.

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.reflect.Executable

  `accessFlags, getAnnotatedExceptionTypes, getAnnotatedParameterTypes, getAnnotationsByType, getParameters`

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject

  `canAccess, getAnnotations, getDeclaredAnnotation, getDeclaredAnnotationsByType, isAccessible, isAnnotationPresent, setAccessible, trySetAccessible`

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

  `clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

  ### Methods declared in interface java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement

  `getAnnotations, getDeclaredAnnotation, getDeclaredAnnotationsByType, isAnnotationPresent`

- ## Method Details

  - ### setAccessible

    public void setAccessible(boolean flag)
    Set the `accessible` flag for this reflected object to the indicated boolean value. A value of `true` indicates that the reflected object should suppress checks for Java language access control when it is used. A value of `false` indicates that the reflected object should enforce checks for Java language access control when it is used, with the variation noted in the class description.

    This method may be used by a caller in class `C` to enable access to a `member` of `declaring class` `D` if any of the following hold:

    - `C` and `D` are in the same module.
    - The member is `public` and `D` is `public` in a package that the module containing `D` `exports` to at least the module containing `C`.
    - The member is `protected` `static`, `D` is `public` in a package that the module containing `D` exports to at least the module containing `C`, and `C` is a subclass of `D`.
    - `D` is in a package that the module containing `D` `opens` to at least the module containing `C`. All packages in unnamed and open modules are open to all modules and so this method always succeeds when `D` is in an unnamed or open module.

    This method may be used by JNI code with no caller class on the stack to enable access to a `member` of `declaring class` `D` if and only if:

    - The member is `public` and `D` is `public` in a package that the module containing `D` `exports` unconditionally.

    This method cannot be used to enable access to private members, members with default (package) access, protected instance members, or protected constructors when the declaring class is in a different module to the caller and the package containing the declaring class is not open to the caller's module.

    This method cannot be used to enable write access to a non-modifiable final field. The following fields are non-modifiable:

    - static final fields declared in any class or interface
    - final fields declared in a hidden class
    - final fields declared in a record

    The `accessible` flag when `true` suppresses Java language access control checks to only enable read access to these non-modifiable final fields.

    If there is a security manager, its `checkPermission` method is first called with a `ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks")` permission.

    A `SecurityException` is also thrown if this object is a `Constructor` object for the class `Class` and `flag` is true.

    Overrides:
      `setAccessible` in class `AccessibleObject`
    Parameters:
      `flag` - the new value for the `accessible` flag
    Throws:
      `InaccessibleObjectException` - if access cannot be enabled
      `SecurityException` - if the request is denied by the security manager or this is a constructor for `java.lang.Class`
    External Specifications
      - Java Native Interface Specification
    See Also:
      - `AccessibleObject.trySetAccessible()`
      - `MethodHandles.privateLookupIn(java.lang.Class<?>, java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup)`

  - ### getDeclaringClass

    public Class<T> getDeclaringClass()
    Returns the `Class` object representing the class that declares the constructor represented by this object.
    Specified by:
      `getDeclaringClass` in interface `Member`
    Specified by:
      `getDeclaringClass` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an object representing the declaring class of the underlying member

  - ### getName

    public String getName()
    Returns the name of this constructor, as a string. This is the binary name of the constructor's declaring class.
    Specified by:
      `getName` in interface `Member`
    Specified by:
      `getName` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      the simple name of the underlying member

  - ### getModifiers

    public int getModifiers()
    Returns the Java language modifiers for the executable represented by this object.
    Specified by:
      `getModifiers` in interface `Member`
    Specified by:
      `getModifiers` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      the Java language modifiers for the executable represented by this object
    See Java Language Specification:
      8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
    See Also:
      - `Executable.accessFlags()`

  - ### getTypeParameters

    public TypeVariable<Constructor<T>>[] getTypeParameters()
    Returns an array of `TypeVariable` objects that represent the type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this `GenericDeclaration` object, in declaration order. Returns an array of length 0 if the underlying generic declaration declares no type variables.
    Specified by:
      `getTypeParameters` in interface `GenericDeclaration`
    Specified by:
      `getTypeParameters` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an array of `TypeVariable` objects that represent the type variables declared by this generic declaration
    Throws:
      `GenericSignatureFormatError` - if the generic signature of this generic declaration does not conform to the format specified in The Java Virtual Machine Specification
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### getParameterTypes

    public Class<?>[] getParameterTypes()
    Returns an array of `Class` objects that represent the formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the executable represented by this object. Returns an array of length 0 if the underlying executable takes no parameters. Note that the constructors of some inner classes may have an implicitly declared parameter in addition to explicitly declared ones. Also note that compact constructors of a record class may have implicitly declared parameters.
    Specified by:
      `getParameterTypes` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      the parameter types for the executable this object represents

  - ### getParameterCount

    public int getParameterCount()
    Returns the number of formal parameters (whether explicitly declared or implicitly declared or neither) for the executable represented by this object.
    Specified by:
      `getParameterCount` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      The number of formal parameters for the executable this object represents
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### getGenericParameterTypes

    public Type[] getGenericParameterTypes()
    Returns an array of `Type` objects that represent the formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the executable represented by this object. An array of length 0 is returned if the underlying executable takes no parameters. Note that the constructors of some inner classes may have an implicitly declared parameter in addition to explicitly declared ones. Compact constructors of a record class may also have implicitly declared parameters, but they are a special case and thus considered as if they had been explicitly declared in the source. Finally note that as a `modeling artifact`, the number of returned parameters can differ depending on whether or not generic information is present. If generic information is present, parameters explicitly present in the source or parameters of compact constructors of a record class will be returned. Note that parameters of compact constructors of a record class are a special case, as they are not explicitly present in the source, and its type will be returned regardless of the parameters being implicitly declared or not. If generic information is not present, implicit and synthetic parameters may be returned as well.

    If a formal parameter type is a parameterized type, the `Type` object returned for it must accurately reflect the actual type arguments used in the source code. This assertion also applies to the parameters of compact constructors of a record class, independently of them being implicitly declared or not.

    If a formal parameter type is a type variable or a parameterized type, it is created. Otherwise, it is resolved.

    Overrides:
      `getGenericParameterTypes` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an array of `Type`s that represent the formal parameter types of the underlying executable, in declaration order
    Throws:
      `GenericSignatureFormatError` - if the generic method signature does not conform to the format specified in The Java Virtual Machine Specification
      `TypeNotPresentException` - if any of the parameter types of the underlying executable refers to a non-existent type declaration
      `MalformedParameterizedTypeException` - if any of the underlying executable's parameter types refer to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### getExceptionTypes

    public Class<?>[] getExceptionTypes()
    Returns an array of `Class` objects that represent the types of exceptions declared to be thrown by the underlying executable represented by this object. Returns an array of length 0 if the executable declares no exceptions in its `throws` clause.
    Specified by:
      `getExceptionTypes` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      the exception types declared as being thrown by the executable this object represents

  - ### getGenericExceptionTypes

    public Type[] getGenericExceptionTypes()
    Returns an array of `Type` objects that represent the exceptions declared to be thrown by this executable object. Returns an array of length 0 if the underlying executable declares no exceptions in its `throws` clause.

    If an exception type is a type variable or a parameterized type, it is created. Otherwise, it is resolved.

    Overrides:
      `getGenericExceptionTypes` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an array of Types that represent the exception types thrown by the underlying executable
    Throws:
      `GenericSignatureFormatError` - if the generic method signature does not conform to the format specified in The Java Virtual Machine Specification
      `TypeNotPresentException` - if the underlying executable's `throws` clause refers to a non-existent type declaration
      `MalformedParameterizedTypeException` - if the underlying executable's `throws` clause refers to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### equals

    public boolean equals(Object obj)
    Compares this `Constructor` against the specified object. Returns true if the objects are the same. Two `Constructor` objects are the same if they were declared by the same class and have the same formal parameter types.
    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Object`
    Parameters:
      `obj` - the reference object with which to compare.
    Returns:
      `true` if this object is the same as the obj argument; `false` otherwise.
    See Also:
      - `Object.hashCode()`
      - `HashMap`

  - ### hashCode

    public int hashCode()
    Returns a hashcode for this `Constructor`. The hashcode is the same as the hashcode for the underlying constructor's declaring class name.
    Overrides:
      `hashCode` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a hash code value for this object.
    See Also:
      - `Object.equals(java.lang.Object)`
      - `System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)`

  - ### toString

    public String toString()
    Returns a string describing this `Constructor`. The string is formatted as the constructor access modifiers, if any, followed by the fully-qualified name of the declaring class, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated list of the constructor's formal parameter types. For example:

            public java.util.HashMap(int,float)

    If the constructor is declared to throw exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word "`throws`" followed by a comma-separated list of the thrown exception types.

    The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access modifiers `public`, `protected` or `private`. Only one of these may appear, or none if the constructor has default (package) access.

    Overrides:
      `toString` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a string describing this `Constructor`
    See Java Language Specification:
      8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
      8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations

  - ### toGenericString

    public String toGenericString()
    Returns a string describing this `Constructor`, including type parameters. The string is formatted as the constructor access modifiers, if any, followed by an angle-bracketed comma separated list of the constructor's type parameters, if any, including informative bounds of the type parameters, if any, followed by the fully-qualified name of the declaring class, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated list of the constructor's generic formal parameter types. If this constructor was declared to take a variable number of arguments, instead of denoting the last parameter as "`Type[]`", it is denoted as "`Type...`". A space is used to separate access modifiers from one another and from the type parameters or class name. If there are no type parameters, the type parameter list is elided; if the type parameter list is present, a space separates the list from the class name. If the constructor is declared to throw exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word "`throws`" followed by a comma-separated list of the generic thrown exception types.

    The only possible modifiers for constructors are the access modifiers `public`, `protected` or `private`. Only one of these may appear, or none if the constructor has default (package) access.

    Specified by:
      `toGenericString` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      a string describing this `Constructor`, include type parameters
    See Java Language Specification:
      8.8.3 Constructor Modifiers
      8.9.2 Enum Body Declarations
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### newInstance

    public T newInstance(Object... initargs) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    Uses the constructor represented by this `Constructor` object to create and initialize a new instance of the constructor's declaring class, with the specified initialization parameters. Individual parameters are automatically unwrapped to match primitive formal parameters, and both primitive and reference parameters are subject to method invocation conversions as necessary.

    If the number of formal parameters required by the underlying constructor is 0, the supplied `initargs` array may be of length 0 or null.

    If the constructor's declaring class is an inner class in a non-static context, the first argument to the constructor needs to be the enclosing instance; see section 15.9.3 of The Java Language Specification.

    If the required access and argument checks succeed and the instantiation will proceed, the constructor's declaring class is initialized if it has not already been initialized.

    If the constructor completes normally, returns the newly created and initialized instance.

    Parameters:
      `initargs` - array of objects to be passed as arguments to the constructor call; values of primitive types are wrapped in a wrapper object of the appropriate type (e.g. a `float` in a `Float`)
    Returns:
      a new object created by calling the constructor this object represents
    Throws:
      `IllegalAccessException` - if this `Constructor` object is enforcing Java language access control and the underlying constructor is inaccessible.
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the number of actual and formal parameters differ; if an unwrapping conversion for primitive arguments fails; or if, after possible unwrapping, a parameter value cannot be converted to the corresponding formal parameter type by a method invocation conversion; if this constructor pertains to an enum class.
      `InstantiationException` - if the class that declares the underlying constructor represents an abstract class.
      `InvocationTargetException` - if the underlying constructor throws an exception.
      `ExceptionInInitializerError` - if the initialization provoked by this method fails.

  - ### isVarArgs

    public boolean isVarArgs()
    Returns `true` if this executable was declared to take a variable number of arguments; returns `false` otherwise.
    Overrides:
      `isVarArgs` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      `true` if this executable was declared to take a variable number of arguments; returns `false` otherwise
    See Java Language Specification:
      8.4.1 Formal Parameters
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### isSynthetic

    public boolean isSynthetic()
    Returns `true` if this executable is a synthetic construct; returns `false` otherwise.
    Specified by:
      `isSynthetic` in interface `Member`
    Overrides:
      `isSynthetic` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      true if and only if this executable is a synthetic construct as defined by The Java Language Specification.
    See Java Language Specification:
      13.1 The Form of a Binary
    See Java Virtual Machine Specification:
      4.6 Methods
    Since:
      1.5
    See Also:
      - Java programming language and JVM modeling in core reflection

  - ### getAnnotation

    public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass)
    Returns this element's annotation for the specified type if such an annotation is present, else null.

    Note that any annotation returned by this method is a declaration annotation.

    Specified by:
      `getAnnotation` in interface `AnnotatedElement`
    Overrides:
      `getAnnotation` in class `Executable`
    Type Parameters:
      `T` - the type of the annotation to query for and return if present
    Parameters:
      `annotationClass` - the Class object corresponding to the annotation type
    Returns:
      this element's annotation for the specified annotation type if present on this element, else null
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the given annotation class is null
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### getDeclaredAnnotations

    public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()
    Returns annotations that are directly present on this element. This method ignores inherited annotations. If there are no annotations directly present on this element, the return value is an array of length 0. The caller of this method is free to modify the returned array; it will have no effect on the arrays returned to other callers.

    Note that any annotations returned by this method are declaration annotations.

    Specified by:
      `getDeclaredAnnotations` in interface `AnnotatedElement`
    Overrides:
      `getDeclaredAnnotations` in class `AccessibleObject`
    Returns:
      annotations directly present on this element
    Since:
      1.5

  - ### getParameterAnnotations

    public Annotation[][] getParameterAnnotations()
    Returns an array of arrays of `Annotation`s that represent the annotations on the formal parameters, in declaration order, of the `Executable` represented by this object. Synthetic and mandated parameters (see explanation below), such as the outer "this" parameter to an inner class constructor will be represented in the returned array. If the executable has no parameters (meaning no formal, no synthetic, and no mandated parameters), a zero-length array will be returned. If the `Executable` has one or more parameters, a nested array of length zero is returned for each parameter with no annotations. The annotation objects contained in the returned arrays are serializable. The caller of this method is free to modify the returned arrays; it will have no effect on the arrays returned to other callers. A compiler may add extra parameters that are implicitly declared in source ("mandated"), as well as parameters that are neither implicitly nor explicitly declared in source ("synthetic") to the parameter list for a method. See `Parameter` for more information.

    Note that any annotations returned by this method are declaration annotations.

    Specified by:
      `getParameterAnnotations` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an array of arrays that represent the annotations on the formal and implicit parameters, in declaration order, of the executable represented by this object
    Since:
      1.5
    See Also:
      - `Parameter`
      - `Parameter.getAnnotations()`

  - ### getAnnotatedReturnType

    public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedReturnType()
    Returns an `AnnotatedType` object that represents the use of a type to specify the return type of the method/constructor represented by this Executable. If this `Executable` object represents a constructor, the `AnnotatedType` object represents the type of the constructed object. If this `Executable` object represents a method, the `AnnotatedType` object represents the use of a type to specify the return type of the method.
    Specified by:
      `getAnnotatedReturnType` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an object representing the return type of the method or constructor represented by this `Executable`
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### getAnnotatedReceiverType

    public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedReceiverType()
    Returns an `AnnotatedType` object that represents the use of a type to specify the receiver type of the method/constructor represented by this `Executable` object. The receiver type of a method/constructor is available only if the method/constructor has a receiver parameter (JLS 8.4.1). If this `Executable` object represents an instance method or represents a constructor of an inner member class, and the method/constructor either has no receiver parameter or has a receiver parameter with no annotations on its type, then the return value is an `AnnotatedType` object representing an element with no annotations. If this `Executable` object represents a static method or represents a constructor of a top level, static member, local, or anonymous class, then the return value is null.
    Overrides:
      `getAnnotatedReceiverType` in class `Executable`
    Returns:
      an object representing the receiver type of the method or constructor represented by this `Executable` or `null` if this `Executable` can not have a receiver parameter
    Since:
      1.8