Module java.base
Package java.util

# Interface Map<K,V>

Type Parameters:
  `K` - the type of keys maintained by this map
  `V` - the type of mapped values

All Known Subinterfaces:
  `Bindings`, `ConcurrentMap<K,V>`, `ConcurrentNavigableMap<K,V>`, `NavigableMap<K,V>`, `SequencedMap<K,V>`, `SortedMap<K,V>`

All Known Implementing Classes:
  `AbstractMap`, `Attributes`, `AuthProvider`, `ConcurrentHashMap`, `ConcurrentSkipListMap`, `EnumMap`, `HashMap`, `Hashtable`, `Headers`, `IdentityHashMap`, `LinkedHashMap`, `PrinterStateReasons`, `Properties`, `Provider`, `RenderingHints`, `SimpleBindings`, `TabularDataSupport`, `TreeMap`, `UIDefaults`, `WeakHashMap`

public interface Map<K,V>
An object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value.

This interface takes the place of the `Dictionary` class, which was a totally abstract class rather than an interface.

The `Map` interface provides three collection views, which allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of keys, collection of values, or set of key-value mappings. The order of a map is defined as the order in which the iterators on the map's collection views return their elements. Some map implementations, like the `TreeMap` class, make specific guarantees as to their encounter order; others, like the `HashMap` class, do not. Maps with a defined encounter order are generally subtypes of the `SequencedMap` interface.

Note: great care must be exercised if mutable objects are used as map keys. The behavior of a map is not specified if the value of an object is changed in a manner that affects `equals` comparisons while the object is a key in the map. A special case of this prohibition is that it is not permissible for a map to contain itself as a key. While it is permissible for a map to contain itself as a value, extreme caution is advised: the `equals` and `hashCode` methods are no longer well defined on such a map.

All general-purpose map implementation classes should provide two "standard" constructors: a void (no arguments) constructor which creates an empty map, and a constructor with a single argument of type `Map`, which creates a new map with the same key-value mappings as its argument. In effect, the latter constructor allows the user to copy any map, producing an equivalent map of the desired class. There is no way to enforce this recommendation (as interfaces cannot contain constructors) but all of the general-purpose map implementations in the JDK comply.

The "destructive" methods contained in this interface, that is, the methods that modify the map on which they operate, are specified to throw `UnsupportedOperationException` if this map does not support the operation. If this is the case, these methods may, but are not required to, throw an `UnsupportedOperationException` if the invocation would have no effect on the map. For example, invoking the `putAll(Map)` method on an unmodifiable map may, but is not required to, throw the exception if the map whose mappings are to be "superimposed" is empty.

Some map implementations have restrictions on the keys and values they may contain. For example, some implementations prohibit null keys and values, and some have restrictions on the types of their keys. Attempting to insert an ineligible key or value throws an unchecked exception, typically `NullPointerException` or `ClassCastException`. Attempting to query the presence of an ineligible key or value may throw an exception, or it may simply return false; some implementations will exhibit the former behavior and some will exhibit the latter. More generally, attempting an operation on an ineligible key or value whose completion would not result in the insertion of an ineligible element into the map may throw an exception or it may succeed, at the option of the implementation. Such exceptions are marked as "optional" in the specification for this interface.

Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined in terms of the `equals` method. For example, the specification for the `containsKey(Object key)` method says: "returns `true` if and only if this map contains a mapping for a key `k` such that `(key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))`." This specification should not be construed to imply that invoking `Map.containsKey` with a non-null argument `key` will cause `key.equals(k)` to be invoked for any key `k`. Implementations are free to implement optimizations whereby the `equals` invocation is avoided, for example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two keys. (The `Object.hashCode()` specification guarantees that two objects with unequal hash codes cannot be equal.) More generally, implementations of the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of the specified behavior of underlying `Object` methods wherever the implementor deems it appropriate.

Some map operations which perform recursive traversal of the map may fail with an exception for self-referential instances where the map directly or indirectly contains itself. This includes the `clone()`, `equals()`, `hashCode()` and `toString()` methods. Implementations may optionally handle the self-referential scenario, however most current implementations do not do so.

## Unmodifiable Maps

The `Map.of`, `Map.ofEntries`, and `Map.copyOf` static factory methods provide a convenient way to create unmodifiable maps. The `Map` instances created by these methods have the following characteristics:

- They are unmodifiable. Keys and values cannot be added, removed, or updated. Calling any mutator method on the Map will always cause `UnsupportedOperationException` to be thrown. However, if the contained keys or values are themselves mutable, this may cause the Map to behave inconsistently or its contents to appear to change.
- They disallow `null` keys and values. Attempts to create them with `null` keys or values result in `NullPointerException`.
- They are serializable if all keys and values are serializable.
- They reject duplicate keys at creation time. Duplicate keys passed to a static factory method result in `IllegalArgumentException`.
- The iteration order of mappings is unspecified and is subject to change.
- They are value-based. Programmers should treat instances that are equal as interchangeable and should not use them for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail. Callers should make no assumptions about the identity of the returned instances. Factories are free to create new instances or reuse existing ones.
- They are serialized as specified on the Serialized Form page.

This interface is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Since:
  1.2
See Also:
  - `HashMap`
  - `TreeMap`
  - `Hashtable`
  - `SortedMap`
  - `Collection`
  - `Set`

- ## Nested Class Summary

  Nested Classes
  Modifier and Type
  Interface
  Description
  `static interface`
  `Map.Entry<K,V>`
  A map entry (key-value pair).

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `void`
  `clear()`
  Removes all of the mappings from this map (optional operation).
  `default V`
  `compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)`
  Attempts to compute a mapping for the specified key and its current mapped value (or `null` if there is no current mapping).
  `default V`
  `computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingFunction)`
  If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`), attempts to compute its value using the given mapping function and enters it into this map unless `null`.
  `default V`
  `computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)`
  If the value for the specified key is present and non-null, attempts to compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value.
  `boolean`
  `containsKey(Object key)`
  Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
  `boolean`
  `containsValue(Object value)`
  Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map)`
  Returns an unmodifiable Map containing the entries of the given Map.
  `static <K, V> Map.Entry<K,V>`
  `entry(K k, V v)`
  Returns an unmodifiable `Map.Entry` containing the given key and value.
  `Set<Map.Entry<K,V>>`
  `entrySet()`
  Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object o)`
  Compares the specified object with this map for equality.
  `default void`
  `forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? super V> action)`
  Performs the given action for each entry in this map until all entries have been processed or the action throws an exception.
  `V`
  `get(Object key)`
  Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
  `default V`
  `getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue)`
  Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `defaultValue` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns the hash code value for this map.
  `boolean`
  `isEmpty()`
  Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
  `Set<K>`
  `keySet()`
  Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map.
  `default V`
  `merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)`
  If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is associated with null, associates it with the given non-null value.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of()`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing zero mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing a single mapping.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing two mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing three mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing four mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing five mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing six mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing seven mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing eight mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8, K k9, V v9)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing nine mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8, K k9, V v9, K k10, V v10)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing ten mappings.
  `static <K, V> Map<K,V>`
  `ofEntries(Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>... entries)`
  Returns an unmodifiable map containing keys and values extracted from the given entries.
  `V`
  `put(K key, V value)`
  Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map (optional operation).
  `void`
  `putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)`
  Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map (optional operation).
  `default V`
  `putIfAbsent(K key, V value)`
  If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`) associates it with the given value and returns `null`, else returns the current value.
  `V`
  `remove(Object key)`
  Removes the mapping for a key from this map if it is present (optional operation).
  `default boolean`
  `remove(Object key, Object value)`
  Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to the specified value.
  `default V`
  `replace(K key, V value)`
  Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to some value.
  `default boolean`
  `replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue)`
  Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently mapped to the specified value.
  `default void`
  `replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> function)`
  Replaces each entry's value with the result of invoking the given function on that entry until all entries have been processed or the function throws an exception.
  `int`
  `size()`
  Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
  `Collection<V>`
  `values()`
  Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map.

- ## Method Details

  - ### size

    int size()
    Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the map contains more than `Integer.MAX_VALUE` elements, returns `Integer.MAX_VALUE`.
    Returns:
      the number of key-value mappings in this map

  - ### isEmpty

    boolean isEmpty()
    Returns `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings.
    Returns:
      `true` if this map contains no key-value mappings

  - ### containsKey

    boolean containsKey(Object key)
    Returns `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key. More formally, returns `true` if and only if this map contains a mapping for a key `k` such that `Objects.equals(key, k)`. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
    Parameters:
      `key` - key whose presence in this map is to be tested
    Returns:
      `true` if this map contains a mapping for the specified key
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the key is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not permit null keys (optional)

  - ### containsValue

    boolean containsValue(Object value)
    Returns `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. More formally, returns `true` if and only if this map contains at least one mapping to a value `v` such that `Objects.equals(value, v)`. This operation will probably require time linear in the map size for most implementations of the `Map` interface.
    Parameters:
      `value` - value whose presence in this map is to be tested
    Returns:
      `true` if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified value is null and this map does not permit null values (optional)

  - ### get

    V get(Object key)
    Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key.

    More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key `k` to a value `v` such that `Objects.equals(key, k)`, then this method returns `v`; otherwise it returns `null`. (There can be at most one such mapping.)

    If this map permits null values, then a return value of `null` does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to `null`. The `containsKey` operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.

    Parameters:
      `key` - the key whose associated value is to be returned
    Returns:
      the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `null` if this map contains no mapping for the key
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the key is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not permit null keys (optional)

  - ### put

    V put(K key, V value)
    Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map (optional operation). If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old value is replaced by the specified value. (A map `m` is said to contain a mapping for a key `k` if and only if `m.containsKey(k)` would return `true`.)
    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
      `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
    Returns:
      the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with `key`, if the implementation supports `null` values.)
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key or value is null and this map does not permit null keys or values
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map

  - ### remove

    V remove(Object key)
    Removes the mapping for a key from this map if it is present (optional operation). More formally, if this map contains a mapping from key `k` to value `v` such that `Objects.equals(key, k)`, that mapping is removed. (The map can contain at most one such mapping.)

    Returns the value to which this map previously associated the key, or `null` if the map contained no mapping for the key.

    If this map permits null values, then a return value of `null` does not necessarily indicate that the map contained no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly mapped the key to `null`.

    The map will not contain a mapping for the specified key once the call returns.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
    Returns:
      the previous value associated with `key`, or `null` if there was no mapping for `key`.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `remove` operation is not supported by this map
      `ClassCastException` - if the key is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not permit null keys (optional)

  - ### putAll

    void putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m)
    Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map (optional operation). The effect of this call is equivalent to that of calling `put(k, v)` on this map once for each mapping from key `k` to value `v` in the specified map. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified map is modified while the operation is in progress. If the specified map has a defined encounter order, processing of its mappings generally occurs in that order.
    Parameters:
      `m` - mappings to be stored in this map
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `putAll` operation is not supported by this map
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of a key or value in the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified map is null, or if this map does not permit null keys or values, and the specified map contains null keys or values
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of a key or value in the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map

  - ### clear

    void clear()
    Removes all of the mappings from this map (optional operation). The map will be empty after this call returns.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `clear` operation is not supported by this map

  - ### keySet

    Set<K> keySet()
    Returns a `Set` view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation), the results of the iteration are undefined. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll`, and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
    Returns:
      a set view of the keys contained in this map

  - ### values

    Collection<V> values()
    Returns a `Collection` view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the collection is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation), the results of the iteration are undefined. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Collection.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll` and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
    Returns:
      a collection view of the values contained in this map

  - ### entrySet

    Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet()
    Returns a `Set` view of the mappings contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. If the map is modified while an iteration over the set is in progress (except through the iterator's own `remove` operation, or through the `setValue` operation on a map entry returned by the iterator) the results of the iteration are undefined. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the `Iterator.remove`, `Set.remove`, `removeAll`, `retainAll` and `clear` operations. It does not support the `add` or `addAll` operations.
    Returns:
      a set view of the mappings contained in this map

  - ### equals

    boolean equals(Object o)
    Compares the specified object with this map for equality. Returns `true` if the given object is also a map and the two maps represent the same mappings. More formally, two maps `m1` and `m2` represent the same mappings if `m1.entrySet().equals(m2.entrySet())`. This ensures that the `equals` method works properly across different implementations of the `Map` interface.
    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Object`
    Parameters:
      `o` - object to be compared for equality with this map
    Returns:
      `true` if the specified object is equal to this map
    See Also:
      - `Object.hashCode()`
      - `HashMap`

  - ### hashCode

    int hashCode()
    Returns the hash code value for this map. The hash code of a map is defined to be the sum of the hash codes of each entry in the map's `entrySet()` view. This ensures that `m1.equals(m2)` implies that `m1.hashCode()==m2.hashCode()` for any two maps `m1` and `m2`, as required by the general contract of `Object.hashCode()`.
    Overrides:
      `hashCode` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      the hash code value for this map
    See Also:
      - `Map.Entry.hashCode()`
      - `Object.equals(Object)`
      - `equals(Object)`

  - ### getOrDefault

    default V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue)
    Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `defaultValue` if this map contains no mapping for the key.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.
    Parameters:
      `key` - the key whose associated value is to be returned
      `defaultValue` - the default mapping of the key
    Returns:
      the value to which the specified key is mapped, or `defaultValue` if this map contains no mapping for the key
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the key is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not permit null keys (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### forEach

    default void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? super V> action)
    Performs the given action for each entry in this map until all entries have been processed or the action throws an exception. Unless otherwise specified by the implementing class, actions are performed in the order of entry set iteration (if an iteration order is specified.) Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet())
               action.accept(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.
    Parameters:
      `action` - The action to be performed for each entry
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified action is null
      `ConcurrentModificationException` - if an entry is found to be removed during iteration
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### replaceAll

    default void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> function)
    Replaces each entry's value with the result of invoking the given function on that entry until all entries have been processed or the function throws an exception. Exceptions thrown by the function are relayed to the caller.
    Implementation Requirements:

      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet())
               entry.setValue(function.apply(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

    Parameters:
      `function` - the function to apply to each entry
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `set` operation is not supported by this map's entry set iterator.
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of a replacement value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified function is null, or if a replacement value is null and this map does not permit null values (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of a replacement value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `ConcurrentModificationException` - if an entry is found to be removed during iteration
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### putIfAbsent

    default V putIfAbsent(K key, V value)
    If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`) associates it with the given value and returns `null`, else returns the current value.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           V v = map.get(key);
           if (v == null)
               v = map.put(key, value);

           return v;

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
      `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
    Returns:
      the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.)
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### remove

    default boolean remove(Object key, Object value)
    Removes the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to the specified value.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), value)) {
               map.remove(key);
               return true;
           } else
               return false;

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
      `value` - value expected to be associated with the specified key
    Returns:
      `true` if the value was removed
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `remove` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the key or value is of an inappropriate type for this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### replace

    default boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue)
    Replaces the entry for the specified key only if currently mapped to the specified value.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           if (map.containsKey(key) && Objects.equals(map.get(key), oldValue)) {
               map.put(key, newValue);
               return true;
           } else
               return false;

      The default implementation does not throw NullPointerException for maps that do not support null values if oldValue is null unless newValue is also null.

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
      `oldValue` - value expected to be associated with the specified key
      `newValue` - value to be associated with the specified key
    Returns:
      `true` if the value was replaced
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
      `NullPointerException` - if a specified key or newValue is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values
      `NullPointerException` - if oldValue is null and this map does not permit null values (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of a specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### replace

    default V replace(K key, V value)
    Replaces the entry for the specified key only if it is currently mapped to some value.
    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to, for this `map`:

           if (map.containsKey(key)) {
               return map.put(key, value);
           } else
               return null;

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is associated
      `value` - value to be associated with the specified key
    Returns:
      the previous value associated with the specified key, or `null` if there was no mapping for the key. (A `null` return can also indicate that the map previously associated `null` with the key, if the implementation supports null values.)
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key or value is null, and this map does not permit null keys or values
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### computeIfAbsent

    default V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingFunction)
    If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to `null`), attempts to compute its value using the given mapping function and enters it into this map unless `null`.

    If the mapping function returns `null`, no mapping is recorded. If the mapping function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is rethrown, and no mapping is recorded. The most common usage is to construct a new object serving as an initial mapped value or memoized result, as in:

         map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new Value(f(k)));

    Or to implement a multi-value map, `Map<K,Collection<V>>`, supporting multiple values per key:

         map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new HashSet<V>()).add(v);

    The mapping function should not modify this map during computation.

    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to the following steps for this `map`, then returning the current value or `null` if now absent:

           if (map.get(key) == null) {
               V newValue = mappingFunction.apply(key);
               if (newValue != null)
                   map.put(key, newValue);
           }

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about detecting if the mapping function modifies this map during computation and, if appropriate, reporting an error. Non-concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw a `ConcurrentModificationException` if it is detected that the mapping function modifies this map during computation. Concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw an `IllegalStateException` if it is detected that the mapping function modifies this map during computation and as a result computation would never complete.

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of subinterface `ConcurrentMap` must document whether the mapping function is applied once atomically only if the value is not present.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
      `mappingFunction` - the mapping function to compute a value
    Returns:
      the current (existing or computed) value associated with the specified key, or null if the computed value is null
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not support null keys, or the mappingFunction is null
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### computeIfPresent

    default V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
    If the value for the specified key is present and non-null, attempts to compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value.

    If the remapping function returns `null`, the mapping is removed. If the remapping function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is rethrown, and the current mapping is left unchanged.

    The remapping function should not modify this map during computation.

    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following steps for this `map`, then returning the current value or `null` if now absent:

           if (map.get(key) != null) {
               V oldValue = map.get(key);
               V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
               if (newValue != null)
                   map.put(key, newValue);
               else
                   map.remove(key);
           }

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about detecting if the remapping function modifies this map during computation and, if appropriate, reporting an error. Non-concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw a `ConcurrentModificationException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation. Concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw an `IllegalStateException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation and as a result computation would never complete.

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of subinterface `ConcurrentMap` must document whether the remapping function is applied once atomically only if the value is not present.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
      `remappingFunction` - the remapping function to compute a value
    Returns:
      the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not support null keys, or the remappingFunction is null
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### compute

    default V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
    Attempts to compute a mapping for the specified key and its current mapped value (or `null` if there is no current mapping). For example, to either create or append a `String` msg to a value mapping:

         map.compute(key, (k, v) -> (v == null) ? msg : v.concat(msg))

    (Method `merge()` is often simpler to use for such purposes.)

    If the remapping function returns `null`, the mapping is removed (or remains absent if initially absent). If the remapping function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is rethrown, and the current mapping is left unchanged.

    The remapping function should not modify this map during computation.

    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following steps for this `map`:

           V oldValue = map.get(key);
           V newValue = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
           if (newValue != null) {
               map.put(key, newValue);
           } else if (oldValue != null || map.containsKey(key)) {
               map.remove(key);
           }
           return newValue;

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about detecting if the remapping function modifies this map during computation and, if appropriate, reporting an error. Non-concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw a `ConcurrentModificationException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation. Concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw an `IllegalStateException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation and as a result computation would never complete.

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of subinterface `ConcurrentMap` must document whether the remapping function is applied once atomically only if the value is not present.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the specified value is to be associated
      `remappingFunction` - the remapping function to compute a value
    Returns:
      the new value associated with the specified key, or null if none
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not support null keys, or the remappingFunction is null
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### merge

    default V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
    If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is associated with null, associates it with the given non-null value. Otherwise, replaces the associated value with the results of the given remapping function, or removes if the result is `null`. This method may be of use when combining multiple mapped values for a key. For example, to either create or append a `String msg` to a value mapping:

         map.merge(key, msg, String::concat)

    If the remapping function returns `null`, the mapping is removed. If the remapping function itself throws an (unchecked) exception, the exception is rethrown, and the current mapping is left unchanged.

    The remapping function should not modify this map during computation.

    Implementation Requirements:
      The default implementation is equivalent to performing the following steps for this `map`, then returning the current value or `null` if absent:

           V oldValue = map.get(key);
           V newValue = (oldValue == null) ? value :
                        remappingFunction.apply(oldValue, value);
           if (newValue == null)
               map.remove(key);
           else
               map.put(key, newValue);

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about detecting if the remapping function modifies this map during computation and, if appropriate, reporting an error. Non-concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw a `ConcurrentModificationException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation. Concurrent implementations should override this method and, on a best-effort basis, throw an `IllegalStateException` if it is detected that the remapping function modifies this map during computation and as a result computation would never complete.

      The default implementation makes no guarantees about synchronization or atomicity properties of this method. Any implementation providing atomicity guarantees must override this method and document its concurrency properties. In particular, all implementations of subinterface `ConcurrentMap` must document whether the remapping function is applied once atomically only if the value is not present.

    Parameters:
      `key` - key with which the resulting value is to be associated
      `value` - the non-null value to be merged with the existing value associated with the key or, if no existing value or a null value is associated with the key, to be associated with the key
      `remappingFunction` - the remapping function to recompute a value if present
    Returns:
      the new value associated with the specified key, or null if no value is associated with the key
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the `put` operation is not supported by this map (optional)
      `ClassCastException` - if the class of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if some property of the specified key or value prevents it from being stored in this map (optional)
      `NullPointerException` - if the specified key is null and this map does not support null keys or the value or remappingFunction is null
    Since:
      1.8

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of()
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing zero mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Returns:
      an empty `Map`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing a single mapping. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the mapping's key
      `v1` - the mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mapping
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the key or the value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing two mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the keys are duplicates
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing three mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing four mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing five mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing six mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
      `k6` - the sixth mapping's key
      `v6` - the sixth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing seven mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
      `k6` - the sixth mapping's key
      `v6` - the sixth mapping's value
      `k7` - the seventh mapping's key
      `v7` - the seventh mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing eight mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
      `k6` - the sixth mapping's key
      `v6` - the sixth mapping's value
      `k7` - the seventh mapping's key
      `v7` - the seventh mapping's value
      `k8` - the eighth mapping's key
      `v8` - the eighth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8, K k9, V v9)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing nine mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
      `k6` - the sixth mapping's key
      `v6` - the sixth mapping's value
      `k7` - the seventh mapping's key
      `v7` - the seventh mapping's value
      `k8` - the eighth mapping's key
      `v8` - the eighth mapping's value
      `k9` - the ninth mapping's key
      `v9` - the ninth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### of

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> of(K k1, V v1, K k2, V v2, K k3, V v3, K k4, V v4, K k5, V v5, K k6, V v6, K k7, V v7, K k8, V v8, K k9, V v9, K k10, V v10)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing ten mappings. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `k1` - the first mapping's key
      `v1` - the first mapping's value
      `k2` - the second mapping's key
      `v2` - the second mapping's value
      `k3` - the third mapping's key
      `v3` - the third mapping's value
      `k4` - the fourth mapping's key
      `v4` - the fourth mapping's value
      `k5` - the fifth mapping's key
      `v5` - the fifth mapping's value
      `k6` - the sixth mapping's key
      `v6` - the sixth mapping's value
      `k7` - the seventh mapping's key
      `v7` - the seventh mapping's value
      `k8` - the eighth mapping's key
      `v8` - the eighth mapping's value
      `k9` - the ninth mapping's key
      `v9` - the ninth mapping's value
      `k10` - the tenth mapping's key
      `v10` - the tenth mapping's value
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9

  - ### ofEntries

    @SafeVarargs static <K, V> Map<K,V> ofEntries(Map.Entry<? extends K,? extends V>... entries)
    Returns an unmodifiable map containing keys and values extracted from the given entries. The entries themselves are not stored in the map. See Unmodifiable Maps for details.
    API Note:
      It is convenient to create the map entries using the `Map.entry()` method. For example,

               import static java.util.Map.entry;

               Map<Integer,String> map = Map.ofEntries(
                   entry(1, "a"),
                   entry(2, "b"),
                   entry(3, "c"),
                   ...
                   entry(26, "z"));

    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `entries` - `Map.Entry`s containing the keys and values from which the map is populated
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the specified mappings
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there are any duplicate keys
      `NullPointerException` - if any entry, key, or value is `null`, or if the `entries` array is `null`
    Since:
      9
    See Also:
      - `Map.entry()`

  - ### entry

    static <K, V> Map.Entry<K,V> entry(K k, V v)
    Returns an unmodifiable `Map.Entry` containing the given key and value. These entries are suitable for populating `Map` instances using the `Map.ofEntries()` method. The `Entry` instances created by this method have the following characteristics:
    - They disallow `null` keys and values. Attempts to create them using a `null` key or value result in `NullPointerException`.
    - They are unmodifiable. Calls to `Entry.setValue()` on a returned `Entry` result in `UnsupportedOperationException`.
    - They are not serializable.
    - They are value-based. Programmers should treat instances that are equal as interchangeable and should not use them for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail. Callers should make no assumptions about the identity of the returned instances. This method is free to create new instances or reuse existing ones.
    API Note:
      For a serializable `Entry`, see `AbstractMap.SimpleEntry` or `AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry`.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the key's type
      `V` - the value's type
    Parameters:
      `k` - the key
      `v` - the value
    Returns:
      an `Entry` containing the specified key and value
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the key or value is `null`
    Since:
      9
    See Also:
      - `Map.ofEntries()`

  - ### copyOf

    static <K, V> Map<K,V> copyOf(Map<? extends K,? extends V> map)
    Returns an unmodifiable Map containing the entries of the given Map. The given Map must not be null, and it must not contain any null keys or values. If the given Map is subsequently modified, the returned Map will not reflect such modifications.
    Implementation Note:
      If the given Map is an unmodifiable Map, calling copyOf will generally not create a copy.
    Type Parameters:
      `K` - the `Map`'s key type
      `V` - the `Map`'s value type
    Parameters:
      `map` - a `Map` from which entries are drawn, must be non-null
    Returns:
      a `Map` containing the entries of the given `Map`
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if map is null, or if it contains any null keys or values
    Since:
      10