Module java.naming
Package javax.naming.directory

# Class InitialDirContext

java.lang.Object
javax.naming.InitialContext
javax.naming.directory.InitialDirContext

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `Context`, `DirContext`

Direct Known Subclasses:
  `InitialLdapContext`

public class InitialDirContext extends InitialContext implements DirContext
This class is the starting context for performing directory operations. The documentation in the class description of InitialContext (including those for synchronization) apply here.

Since:
  1.3
See Also:
  - `InitialContext`

- ## Field Summary

  ### Fields declared in class javax.naming.InitialContext

  `defaultInitCtx, gotDefault, myProps`

  ### Fields declared in interface javax.naming.Context

  `APPLET, AUTHORITATIVE, BATCHSIZE, DNS_URL, INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, LANGUAGE, OBJECT_FACTORIES, PROVIDER_URL, REFERRAL, SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, SECURITY_PROTOCOL, STATE_FACTORIES, URL_PKG_PREFIXES`

  ### Fields declared in interface javax.naming.directory.DirContext

  `ADD_ATTRIBUTE, REMOVE_ATTRIBUTE, REPLACE_ATTRIBUTE`

- ## Constructor Summary

  Constructors
  Modifier
  Constructor
  Description
  ``
  `InitialDirContext()`
  Constructs an initial DirContext.
  `protected`
  `InitialDirContext(boolean lazy)`
  Constructs an initial DirContext with the option of not initializing it.
  ``
  `InitialDirContext(Hashtable<?,?> environment)`
  Constructs an initial DirContext using the supplied environment.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `void`
  `bind(String name, Object obj, Attributes attrs)`
  Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes.
  `void`
  `bind(Name name, Object obj, Attributes attrs)`
  Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes.
  `DirContext`
  `createSubcontext(String name, Attributes attrs)`
  Creates and binds a new context, along with associated attributes.
  `DirContext`
  `createSubcontext(Name name, Attributes attrs)`
  Creates and binds a new context, along with associated attributes.
  `Attributes`
  `getAttributes(String name)`
  Retrieves all of the attributes associated with a named object.
  `Attributes`
  `getAttributes(String name, String[] attrIds)`
  Retrieves selected attributes associated with a named object.
  `Attributes`
  `getAttributes(Name name)`
  Retrieves all of the attributes associated with a named object.
  `Attributes`
  `getAttributes(Name name, String[] attrIds)`
  Retrieves selected attributes associated with a named object.
  `DirContext`
  `getSchema(String name)`
  Retrieves the schema associated with the named object.
  `DirContext`
  `getSchema(Name name)`
  Retrieves the schema associated with the named object.
  `DirContext`
  `getSchemaClassDefinition(String name)`
  Retrieves a context containing the schema objects of the named object's class definitions.
  `DirContext`
  `getSchemaClassDefinition(Name name)`
  Retrieves a context containing the schema objects of the named object's class definitions.
  `void`
  `modifyAttributes(String name, int mod_op, Attributes attrs)`
  Modifies the attributes associated with a named object.
  `void`
  `modifyAttributes(String name, ModificationItem[] mods)`
  Modifies the attributes associated with a named object using an ordered list of modifications.
  `void`
  `modifyAttributes(Name name, int mod_op, Attributes attrs)`
  Modifies the attributes associated with a named object.
  `void`
  `modifyAttributes(Name name, ModificationItem[] mods)`
  Modifies the attributes associated with a named object using an ordered list of modifications.
  `void`
  `rebind(String name, Object obj, Attributes attrs)`
  Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes, overwriting any existing binding.
  `void`
  `rebind(Name name, Object obj, Attributes attrs)`
  Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes, overwriting any existing binding.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(String name, String filterExpr, Object[] filterArgs, SearchControls cons)`
  Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(String name, String filter, SearchControls cons)`
  Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(String name, Attributes matchingAttributes)`
  Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(String name, Attributes matchingAttributes, String[] attributesToReturn)`
  Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes, and retrieves selected attributes.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(Name name, String filterExpr, Object[] filterArgs, SearchControls cons)`
  Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(Name name, String filter, SearchControls cons)`
  Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(Name name, Attributes matchingAttributes)`
  Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes.
  `NamingEnumeration<SearchResult>`
  `search(Name name, Attributes matchingAttributes, String[] attributesToReturn)`
  Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes, and retrieves selected attributes.

  ### Methods declared in class javax.naming.InitialContext

  `addToEnvironment, bind, bind, close, composeName, composeName, createSubcontext, createSubcontext, destroySubcontext, destroySubcontext, doLookup, doLookup, getDefaultInitCtx, getEnvironment, getNameInNamespace, getNameParser, getNameParser, getURLOrDefaultInitCtx, getURLOrDefaultInitCtx, init, list, list, listBindings, listBindings, lookup, lookup, lookupLink, lookupLink, rebind, rebind, removeFromEnvironment, rename, rename, unbind, unbind`

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

  `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

  ### Methods declared in interface javax.naming.Context

  `addToEnvironment, bind, bind, close, composeName, composeName, createSubcontext, createSubcontext, destroySubcontext, destroySubcontext, getEnvironment, getNameInNamespace, getNameParser, getNameParser, list, list, listBindings, listBindings, lookup, lookup, lookupLink, lookupLink, rebind, rebind, removeFromEnvironment, rename, rename, unbind, unbind`

- ## Constructor Details

  - ### InitialDirContext

    protected InitialDirContext(boolean lazy) throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial DirContext with the option of not initializing it. This may be used by a constructor in a subclass when the value of the environment parameter is not yet known at the time the `InitialDirContext` constructor is called. The subclass's constructor will call this constructor, compute the value of the environment, and then call `init()` before returning.
    Parameters:
      `lazy` - true means do not initialize the initial DirContext; false is equivalent to calling `new InitialDirContext()`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    Since:
      1.3
    See Also:
      - `InitialContext.init(Hashtable)`

  - ### InitialDirContext

    public InitialDirContext() throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial DirContext. No environment properties are supplied. Equivalent to `new InitialDirContext(null)`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `InitialDirContext(Hashtable)`

  - ### InitialDirContext

    public InitialDirContext(Hashtable<?,?> environment) throws NamingException
    Constructs an initial DirContext using the supplied environment. Environment properties are discussed in the `javax.naming.InitialContext` class description.

    If the `java.naming.provider.url` property of the supplied environment consists of a URL (or a list of URLs) using the ldap protocol the resulting `LdapContext` will use an LDAP server resolved by the configured `LdapDnsProviders`:

    1. If this is the first `InitialDirContext` created with a `java.naming.provider.url` using the ldap protocol then the ServiceLoader mechanism is used to locate LdapDnsProvider implementations using the system class loader. The order that providers are located is implementation specific and an implementation is free to cache the located providers.
    2. The `lookupEndpoints` method of each provider, if instantiated, is invoked once with a combination of each of the URLs in the `java.naming.provider.url` property and the environment until a provider returns non-empty or all providers have been exhausted. If none of the LdapDnsProviders return a non-empty result then the implementation will make a best-effort attempt to determine an endpoint. A ServiceConfigurationError, `Error` or `RuntimeException` thrown when loading or calling an LdapDnsProvider, if encountered, will be propagated to the calling thread.

    This constructor will not modify `environment` or save a reference to it, but may save a clone. Caller should not modify mutable keys and values in `environment` after it has been passed to the constructor.

    Parameters:
      `environment` - environment used to create the initial DirContext. Null indicates an empty environment.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

- ## Method Details

  - ### getAttributes

    public Attributes getAttributes(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves all of the attributes associated with a named object. See `DirContext.getAttributes(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `getAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object from which to retrieve attributes
    Returns:
      the set of attributes associated with `name`
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getAttributes

    public Attributes getAttributes(String name, String[] attrIds) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves selected attributes associated with a named object. See `DirContext.getAttributes(Name, String[])` for details.
    Specified by:
      `getAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - The name of the object from which to retrieve attributes
      `attrIds` - the identifiers of the attributes to retrieve. null indicates that all attributes should be retrieved; an empty array indicates that none should be retrieved.
    Returns:
      the requested attributes; never null
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getAttributes

    public Attributes getAttributes(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves all of the attributes associated with a named object. See the class description regarding attribute models, attribute type names, and operational attributes.
    Specified by:
      `getAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object from which to retrieve attributes
    Returns:
      the set of attributes associated with `name`. Returns an empty attribute set if name has no attributes; never null.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.getAttributes(String)`
      - `DirContext.getAttributes(Name, String[])`

  - ### getAttributes

    public Attributes getAttributes(Name name, String[] attrIds) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves selected attributes associated with a named object. See the class description regarding attribute models, attribute type names, and operational attributes.

    If the object does not have an attribute specified, the directory will ignore the nonexistent attribute and return those requested attributes that the object does have.

    A directory might return more attributes than was requested (see Attribute Type Names in the class description), but is not allowed to return arbitrary, unrelated attributes.

    See also Operational Attributes in the class description.

    Specified by:
      `getAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object from which to retrieve attributes
      `attrIds` - the identifiers of the attributes to retrieve. null indicates that all attributes should be retrieved; an empty array indicates that none should be retrieved.
    Returns:
      the requested attributes; never null
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### modifyAttributes

    public void modifyAttributes(String name, int mod_op, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Modifies the attributes associated with a named object. See `DirContext.modifyAttributes(Name, int, Attributes)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `modifyAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose attributes will be updated
      `mod_op` - the modification operation, one of: `ADD_ATTRIBUTE`, `REPLACE_ATTRIBUTE`, `REMOVE_ATTRIBUTE`.
      `attrs` - the attributes to be used for the modification; may not be null
    Throws:
      `AttributeModificationException` - if the modification cannot be completed successfully
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### modifyAttributes

    public void modifyAttributes(Name name, int mod_op, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Modifies the attributes associated with a named object. The order of the modifications is not specified. Where possible, the modifications are performed atomically.
    Specified by:
      `modifyAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose attributes will be updated
      `mod_op` - the modification operation, one of: `ADD_ATTRIBUTE`, `REPLACE_ATTRIBUTE`, `REMOVE_ATTRIBUTE`.
      `attrs` - the attributes to be used for the modification; may not be null
    Throws:
      `AttributeModificationException` - if the modification cannot be completed successfully
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.modifyAttributes(Name, ModificationItem[])`

  - ### modifyAttributes

    public void modifyAttributes(String name, ModificationItem[] mods) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Modifies the attributes associated with a named object using an ordered list of modifications. See `DirContext.modifyAttributes(Name, ModificationItem[])` for details.
    Specified by:
      `modifyAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose attributes will be updated
      `mods` - an ordered sequence of modifications to be performed; may not be null
    Throws:
      `AttributeModificationException` - if the modifications cannot be completed successfully
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### modifyAttributes

    public void modifyAttributes(Name name, ModificationItem[] mods) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Modifies the attributes associated with a named object using an ordered list of modifications. The modifications are performed in the order specified. Each modification specifies a modification operation code and an attribute on which to operate. Where possible, the modifications are performed atomically.
    Specified by:
      `modifyAttributes` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose attributes will be updated
      `mods` - an ordered sequence of modifications to be performed; may not be null
    Throws:
      `AttributeModificationException` - if the modifications cannot be completed successfully
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.modifyAttributes(Name, int, Attributes)`
      - `ModificationItem`

  - ### bind

    public void bind(String name, Object obj, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes. See `DirContext.bind(Name, Object, Attributes)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `bind` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the binding
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if some "mandatory" attributes of the binding are not supplied
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### bind

    public void bind(Name name, Object obj, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes. If `attrs` is null, the resulting binding will have the attributes associated with `obj` if `obj` is a `DirContext`, and no attributes otherwise. If `attrs` is non-null, the resulting binding will have `attrs` as its attributes; any attributes associated with `obj` are ignored.
    Specified by:
      `bind` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the binding
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if some "mandatory" attributes of the binding are not supplied
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.bind(Name, Object)`
      - `DirContext.rebind(Name, Object, Attributes)`

  - ### rebind

    public void rebind(String name, Object obj, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes, overwriting any existing binding. See `DirContext.rebind(Name, Object, Attributes)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `rebind` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the binding
    Throws:
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if some "mandatory" attributes of the binding are not supplied
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### rebind

    public void rebind(Name name, Object obj, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Binds a name to an object, along with associated attributes, overwriting any existing binding. If `attrs` is null and `obj` is a `DirContext`, the attributes from `obj` are used. If `attrs` is null and `obj` is not a `DirContext`, any existing attributes associated with the object already bound in the directory remain unchanged. If `attrs` is non-null, any existing attributes associated with the object already bound in the directory are removed and `attrs` is associated with the named object. If `obj` is a `DirContext` and `attrs` is non-null, the attributes of `obj` are ignored.
    Specified by:
      `rebind` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name to bind; may not be empty
      `obj` - the object to bind; possibly null
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the binding
    Throws:
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if some "mandatory" attributes of the binding are not supplied
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.bind(Name, Object)`
      - `DirContext.bind(Name, Object, Attributes)`

  - ### createSubcontext

    public DirContext createSubcontext(String name, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Creates and binds a new context, along with associated attributes. See `DirContext.createSubcontext(Name, Attributes)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `createSubcontext` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to create; may not be empty
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the newly created context
    Returns:
      the newly created context
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if the name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if `attrs` does not contain all the mandatory attributes required for creation
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### createSubcontext

    public DirContext createSubcontext(Name name, Attributes attrs) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Creates and binds a new context, along with associated attributes. This method creates a new subcontext with the given name, binds it in the target context (that named by all but terminal atomic component of the name), and associates the supplied attributes with the newly created object. All intermediate and target contexts must already exist. If `attrs` is null, this method is equivalent to `Context.createSubcontext()`.
    Specified by:
      `createSubcontext` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to create; may not be empty
      `attrs` - the attributes to associate with the newly created context
    Returns:
      the newly created context
    Throws:
      `NameAlreadyBoundException` - if the name is already bound
      `InvalidAttributesException` - if `attrs` does not contain all the mandatory attributes required for creation
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `Context.createSubcontext(Name)`

  - ### getSchema

    public DirContext getSchema(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves the schema associated with the named object. See `DirContext.getSchema(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `getSchema` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose schema is to be retrieved
    Returns:
      the schema associated with the context; never null
    Throws:
      `OperationNotSupportedException` - if schema not supported
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getSchema

    public DirContext getSchema(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves the schema associated with the named object. The schema describes rules regarding the structure of the namespace and the attributes stored within it. The schema specifies what types of objects can be added to the directory and where they can be added; what mandatory and optional attributes an object can have. The range of support for schemas is directory-specific.

    This method returns the root of the schema information tree that is applicable to the named object. Several named objects (or even an entire directory) might share the same schema.

    Issues such as structure and contents of the schema tree, permission to modify to the contents of the schema tree, and the effect of such modifications on the directory are dependent on the underlying directory.

    Specified by:
      `getSchema` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose schema is to be retrieved
    Returns:
      the schema associated with the context; never null
    Throws:
      `OperationNotSupportedException` - if schema not supported
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getSchemaClassDefinition

    public DirContext getSchemaClassDefinition(String name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves a context containing the schema objects of the named object's class definitions. See `DirContext.getSchemaClassDefinition(Name)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `getSchemaClassDefinition` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose object class definition is to be retrieved
    Returns:
      the `DirContext` containing the named object's class definitions; never null
    Throws:
      `OperationNotSupportedException` - if schema not supported
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### getSchemaClassDefinition

    public DirContext getSchemaClassDefinition(Name name) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Retrieves a context containing the schema objects of the named object's class definitions.

    One category of information found in directory schemas is class definitions. An "object class" definition specifies the object's type and what attributes (mandatory and optional) the object must/can have. Note that the term "object class" being referred to here is in the directory sense rather than in the Java sense. For example, if the named object is a directory object of "Person" class, `getSchemaClassDefinition()` would return a `DirContext` representing the (directory's) object class definition of "Person".

    The information that can be retrieved from an object class definition is directory-dependent.

    Prior to JNDI 1.2, this method returned a single schema object representing the class definition of the named object. Since JNDI 1.2, this method returns a `DirContext` containing all of the named object's class definitions.

    Specified by:
      `getSchemaClassDefinition` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the object whose object class definition is to be retrieved
    Returns:
      the `DirContext` containing the named object's class definitions; never null
    Throws:
      `OperationNotSupportedException` - if schema not supported
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(String name, Attributes matchingAttributes) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes. See `DirContext.search(Name, Attributes)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to search
      `matchingAttributes` - the attributes to search for
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult` objects
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(Name name, Attributes matchingAttributes) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes. This method returns all the attributes of such objects. It is equivalent to supplying null as the `attributesToReturn` parameter to the method `search(Name, Attributes, String[])`.
    See `DirContext.search(Name, Attributes, String[])` for a full description.
    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to search
      `matchingAttributes` - the attributes to search for
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult` objects
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.search(Name, Attributes, String[])`

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(String name, Attributes matchingAttributes, String[] attributesToReturn) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes, and retrieves selected attributes. See `DirContext.search(Name, Attributes, String[])` for details.
    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to search
      `matchingAttributes` - the attributes to search for
      `attributesToReturn` - the attributes to return
    Returns:
      a non-null enumeration of `SearchResult` objects
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(Name name, Attributes matchingAttributes, String[] attributesToReturn) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in a single context for objects that contain a specified set of attributes, and retrieves selected attributes. The search is performed using the default `SearchControls` settings.

    For an object to be selected, each attribute in `matchingAttributes` must match some attribute of the object. If `matchingAttributes` is empty or null, all objects in the target context are returned.

    An attribute A1 in `matchingAttributes` is considered to match an attribute A2 of an object if A1 and A2 have the same identifier, and each value of A1 is equal to some value of A2. This implies that the order of values is not significant, and that A2 may contain "extra" values not found in A1 without affecting the comparison. It also implies that if A1 has no values, then testing for a match is equivalent to testing for the presence of an attribute A2 with the same identifier.

    The precise definition of "equality" used in comparing attribute values is defined by the underlying directory service. It might use the `Object.equals` method, for example, or might use a schema to specify a different equality operation. For matching based on operations other than equality (such as substring comparison) use the version of the `search` method that takes a filter argument.

    When changes are made to this `DirContext`, the effect on enumerations returned by prior calls to this method is undefined.

    If the object does not have the attribute specified, the directory will ignore the nonexistent attribute and return the requested attributes that the object does have.

    A directory might return more attributes than was requested (see Attribute Type Names in the class description), but is not allowed to return arbitrary, unrelated attributes.

    See also Operational Attributes in the class description.

    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context to search
      `matchingAttributes` - the attributes to search for. If empty or null, all objects in the target context are returned.
      `attributesToReturn` - the attributes to return. null indicates that all attributes are to be returned; an empty array indicates that none are to be returned.
    Returns:
      a non-null enumeration of `SearchResult` objects. Each `SearchResult` contains the attributes identified by `attributesToReturn` and the name of the corresponding object, named relative to the context named by `name`.
    Throws:
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `SearchControls`
      - `SearchResult`
      - `DirContext.search(Name, String, Object[], SearchControls)`

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(String name, String filter, SearchControls cons) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter. Performs the search as specified by the search controls. See `DirContext.search(Name, String, SearchControls)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context or object to search
      `filter` - the filter expression to use for the search; may not be null
      `cons` - the search controls that control the search. If null, the default search controls are used (equivalent to `(new SearchControls())`).
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult`s for the objects that satisfy the filter.
    Throws:
      `InvalidSearchFilterException` - if the search filter specified is not supported or understood by the underlying directory
      `InvalidSearchControlsException` - if the search controls contain invalid settings
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(Name name, String filter, SearchControls cons) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter. Performs the search as specified by the search controls.

    The format and interpretation of `filter` follows RFC 2254 with the following interpretations for `attr` and `value` mentioned in the RFC.

    `attr` is the attribute's identifier.

    `value` is the string representation the attribute's value. The translation of this string representation into the attribute's value is directory-specific.

    For the assertion "someCount=127", for example, `attr` is "someCount" and `value` is "127". The provider determines, based on the attribute ID ("someCount") (and possibly its schema), that the attribute's value is an integer. It then parses the string "127" appropriately.

    Any non-ASCII characters in the filter string should be represented by the appropriate Java (Unicode) characters, and not encoded as UTF-8 octets. Alternately, the "backslash-hexcode" notation described in RFC 2254 may be used.

    If the directory does not support a string representation of some or all of its attributes, the form of `search` that accepts filter arguments in the form of Objects can be used instead. The service provider for such a directory would then translate the filter arguments to its service-specific representation for filter evaluation. See `search(Name, String, Object[], SearchControls)`.

    RFC 2254 defines certain operators for the filter, including substring matches, equality, approximate match, greater than, less than. These operators are mapped to operators with corresponding semantics in the underlying directory. For example, for the equals operator, suppose the directory has a matching rule defining "equality" of the attributes in the filter. This rule would be used for checking equality of the attributes specified in the filter with the attributes of objects in the directory. Similarly, if the directory has a matching rule for ordering, this rule would be used for making "greater than" and "less than" comparisons.

    Not all of the operators defined in RFC 2254 are applicable to all attributes. When an operator is not applicable, the exception `InvalidSearchFilterException` is thrown.

    The result is returned in an enumeration of `SearchResult`s. Each `SearchResult` contains the name of the object and other information about the object (see SearchResult). The name is either relative to the target context of the search (which is named by the `name` parameter), or it is a URL string. If the target context is included in the enumeration (as is possible when `cons` specifies a search scope of `SearchControls.OBJECT_SCOPE` or `SearchControls.SUBSTREE_SCOPE`), its name is the empty string. The `SearchResult` may also contain attributes of the matching object if the `cons` argument specified that attributes be returned.

    If the object does not have a requested attribute, that nonexistent attribute will be ignored. Those requested attributes that the object does have will be returned.

    A directory might return more attributes than were requested (see Attribute Type Names in the class description) but is not allowed to return arbitrary, unrelated attributes.

    See also Operational Attributes in the class description.

    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context or object to search
      `filter` - the filter expression to use for the search; may not be null
      `cons` - the search controls that control the search. If null, the default search controls are used (equivalent to `(new SearchControls())`).
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult`s of the objects that satisfy the filter; never null
    Throws:
      `InvalidSearchFilterException` - if the search filter specified is not supported or understood by the underlying directory
      `InvalidSearchControlsException` - if the search controls contain invalid settings
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.search(Name, String, Object[], SearchControls)`
      - `SearchControls`
      - `SearchResult`

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(String name, String filterExpr, Object[] filterArgs, SearchControls cons) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter. Performs the search as specified by the search controls. See `DirContext.search(Name, String, Object[], SearchControls)` for details.
    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context or object to search
      `filterExpr` - the filter expression to use for the search. The expression may contain variables of the form "`{i}`" where `i` is a nonnegative integer. May not be null.
      `filterArgs` - the array of arguments to substitute for the variables in `filterExpr`. The value of `filterArgs[i]` will replace each occurrence of "`{i}`". If null, equivalent to an empty array.
      `cons` - the search controls that control the search. If null, the default search controls are used (equivalent to `(new SearchControls())`).
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult`s of the objects that satisfy the filter; never null
    Throws:
      `InvalidSearchControlsException` - if `cons` contains invalid settings
      `InvalidSearchFilterException` - if `filterExpr` with `filterArgs` represents an invalid search filter
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered

  - ### search

    public NamingEnumeration<SearchResult> search(Name name, String filterExpr, Object[] filterArgs, SearchControls cons) throws NamingException
    Description copied from interface: `DirContext`
    Searches in the named context or object for entries that satisfy the given search filter. Performs the search as specified by the search controls.

    The interpretation of `filterExpr` is based on RFC 2254. It may additionally contain variables of the form `{i}` -- where `i` is an integer -- that refer to objects in the `filterArgs` array. The interpretation of `filterExpr` is otherwise identical to that of the `filter` parameter of the method `search(Name, String, SearchControls)`.

    When a variable `{i}` appears in a search filter, it indicates that the filter argument `filterArgs[i]` is to be used in that place. Such variables may be used wherever an attr, value, or matchingrule production appears in the filter grammar of RFC 2254, section 4. When a string-valued filter argument is substituted for a variable, the filter is interpreted as if the string were given in place of the variable, with any characters having special significance within filters (such as `'*'`) having been escaped according to the rules of RFC 2254.

    For directories that do not use a string representation for some or all of their attributes, the filter argument corresponding to an attribute value may be of a type other than String. Directories that support unstructured binary-valued attributes, for example, should accept byte arrays as filter arguments. The interpretation (if any) of filter arguments of any other type is determined by the service provider for that directory, which maps the filter operations onto operations with corresponding semantics in the underlying directory.

    This method returns an enumeration of the results. Each element in the enumeration contains the name of the object and other information about the object (see `SearchResult`). The name is either relative to the target context of the search (which is named by the `name` parameter), or it is a URL string. If the target context is included in the enumeration (as is possible when `cons` specifies a search scope of `SearchControls.OBJECT_SCOPE` or `SearchControls.SUBSTREE_SCOPE`), its name is the empty string.

    The `SearchResult` may also contain attributes of the matching object if the `cons` argument specifies that attributes be returned.

    If the object does not have a requested attribute, that nonexistent attribute will be ignored. Those requested attributes that the object does have will be returned.

    A directory might return more attributes than were requested (see Attribute Type Names in the class description) but is not allowed to return arbitrary, unrelated attributes.

    If a search filter with invalid variable substitutions is provided to this method, the result is undefined. When changes are made to this DirContext, the effect on enumerations returned by prior calls to this method is undefined.

    See also Operational Attributes in the class description.

    Specified by:
      `search` in interface `DirContext`
    Parameters:
      `name` - the name of the context or object to search
      `filterExpr` - the filter expression to use for the search. The expression may contain variables of the form "`{i}`" where `i` is a nonnegative integer. May not be null.
      `filterArgs` - the array of arguments to substitute for the variables in `filterExpr`. The value of `filterArgs[i]` will replace each occurrence of "`{i}`". If null, equivalent to an empty array.
      `cons` - the search controls that control the search. If null, the default search controls are used (equivalent to `(new SearchControls())`).
    Returns:
      an enumeration of `SearchResult`s of the objects that satisfy the filter; never null
    Throws:
      `InvalidSearchControlsException` - if `cons` contains invalid settings
      `InvalidSearchFilterException` - if `filterExpr` with `filterArgs` represents an invalid search filter
      `NamingException` - if a naming exception is encountered
    See Also:
      - `DirContext.search(Name, Attributes, String[])`
      - `MessageFormat`