Module java.base
Package java.util.concurrent

# Class CompletableFuture<T>

java.lang.Object
java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<T>

Type Parameters:
  `T` - The result type returned by this future's `join` and `get` methods

All Implemented Interfaces:
  `CompletionStage<T>`, `Future<T>`

public class CompletableFuture<T> extends Object implements Future<T>, CompletionStage<T>
A `Future` that may be explicitly completed (setting its value and status), and may be used as a `CompletionStage`, supporting dependent functions and actions that trigger upon its completion.

When two or more threads attempt to `complete`, `completeExceptionally`, or `cancel` a CompletableFuture, only one of them succeeds.

In addition to these and related methods for directly manipulating status and results, CompletableFuture implements interface `CompletionStage` with the following policies:

- Actions supplied for dependent completions of non-async methods may be performed by the thread that completes the current CompletableFuture, or by any other caller of a completion method.
- All async methods without an explicit Executor argument are performed using the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` (unless it does not support a parallelism level of at least two, in which case, a new Thread is created to run each task). This may be overridden for non-static methods in subclasses by defining method `defaultExecutor()`. To simplify monitoring, debugging, and tracking, all generated asynchronous tasks are instances of the marker interface `CompletableFuture.AsynchronousCompletionTask`. Operations with time-delays can use adapter methods defined in this class, for example: `supplyAsync(supplier, delayedExecutor(timeout, timeUnit))`. To support methods with delays and timeouts, this class maintains at most one daemon thread for triggering and cancelling actions, not for running them.
- All CompletionStage methods are implemented independently of other public methods, so the behavior of one method is not impacted by overrides of others in subclasses.
- All CompletionStage methods return CompletableFutures. To restrict usages to only those methods defined in interface CompletionStage, use method `minimalCompletionStage()`. Or to ensure only that clients do not themselves modify a future, use method `copy()`.

CompletableFuture also implements `Future` with the following policies:

- Since (unlike `FutureTask`) this class has no direct control over the computation that causes it to be completed, cancellation is treated as just another form of exceptional completion. Method `cancel` has the same effect as `completeExceptionally(new CancellationException())`. Method `isCompletedExceptionally()` can be used to determine if a CompletableFuture completed in any exceptional fashion.
- In case of exceptional completion with a CompletionException, methods `get()` and `get(long, TimeUnit)` throw an `ExecutionException` with the same cause as held in the corresponding CompletionException. To simplify usage in most contexts, this class also defines methods `join()` and `getNow(T)` that instead throw the CompletionException directly in these cases.

Arguments used to pass a completion result (that is, for parameters of type `T`) for methods accepting them may be null, but passing a null value for any other parameter will result in a `NullPointerException` being thrown.

Subclasses of this class should normally override the "virtual constructor" method `newIncompleteFuture()`, which establishes the concrete type returned by CompletionStage methods. For example, here is a class that substitutes a different default Executor and disables the `obtrude` methods:

     class MyCompletableFuture<T> extends CompletableFuture<T> {
       static final Executor myExecutor = ...;
       public MyCompletableFuture() { }
       public <U> CompletableFuture<U> newIncompleteFuture() {
         return new MyCompletableFuture<U>(); }
       public Executor defaultExecutor() {
         return myExecutor; }
       public void obtrudeValue(T value) {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
       public void obtrudeException(Throwable ex) {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
     }

Since:
  1.8

- ## Nested Class Summary

  Nested Classes
  Modifier and Type
  Class
  Description
  `static interface`
  `CompletableFuture.AsynchronousCompletionTask`
  A marker interface identifying asynchronous tasks produced by `async` methods.

- ## Constructor Summary

  Constructors
  Constructor
  Description
  `CompletableFuture()`
  Creates a new incomplete CompletableFuture.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action.
  `static CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed when all of the given CompletableFutures complete.
  `static CompletableFuture<Object>`
  `anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed when any of the given CompletableFutures complete, with the same result.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function.
  `boolean`
  `cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning)`
  If not already completed, completes this CompletableFuture with a `CancellationException`.
  `boolean`
  `complete(T value)`
  If not already completed, sets the value returned by `get()` and related methods to the given value.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `completeAsync(Supplier<? extends T> supplier)`
  Completes this CompletableFuture with the result of the given Supplier function invoked from an asynchronous task using the default executor.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `completeAsync(Supplier<? extends T> supplier, Executor executor)`
  Completes this CompletableFuture with the result of the given Supplier function invoked from an asynchronous task using the given executor.
  `static <U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `completedFuture(U value)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is already completed with the given value.
  `static <U> CompletionStage<U>`
  `completedStage(U value)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is already completed with the given value and supports only those methods in interface `CompletionStage`.
  `boolean`
  `completeExceptionally(Throwable ex)`
  If not already completed, causes invocations of `get()` and related methods to throw the given exception.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `completeOnTimeout(T value, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)`
  Completes this CompletableFuture with the given value if not otherwise completed before the given timeout.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `copy()`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed normally with the same value as this CompletableFuture when it completes normally.
  `Executor`
  `defaultExecutor()`
  Returns the default Executor used for async methods that do not specify an Executor.
  `static Executor`
  `delayedExecutor(long delay, TimeUnit unit)`
  Returns a new Executor that submits a task to the default executor after the given delay (or no delay if non-positive).
  `static Executor`
  `delayedExecutor(long delay, TimeUnit unit, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new Executor that submits a task to the given base executor after the given delay (or no delay if non-positive).
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes exceptionally, is executed with this stage's exception as the argument to the supplied function.
  `static <U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `failedFuture(Throwable ex)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is already completed exceptionally with the given exception.
  `static <U> CompletionStage<U>`
  `failedStage(Throwable ex)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is already completed exceptionally with the given exception and supports only those methods in interface `CompletionStage`.
  `T`
  `get()`
  Waits if necessary for this future to complete, and then returns its result.
  `T`
  `get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)`
  Waits if necessary for at most the given time for this future to complete, and then returns its result, if available.
  `T`
  `getNow(T valueIfAbsent)`
  Returns the result value (or throws any encountered exception) if completed, else returns the given valueIfAbsent.
  `int`
  `getNumberOfDependents()`
  Returns the estimated number of CompletableFutures whose completions are awaiting completion of this CompletableFuture.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `handle(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed using the supplied executor, with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.
  `boolean`
  `isCancelled()`
  Returns `true` if this CompletableFuture was cancelled before it completed normally.
  `boolean`
  `isCompletedExceptionally()`
  Returns `true` if this CompletableFuture completed exceptionally, in any way.
  `boolean`
  `isDone()`
  Returns `true` if completed in any fashion: normally, exceptionally, or via cancellation.
  `T`
  `join()`
  Returns the result value when complete, or throws an (unchecked) exception if completed exceptionally.
  `CompletionStage<T>`
  `minimalCompletionStage()`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed normally with the same value as this CompletableFuture when it completes normally, and cannot be independently completed or otherwise used in ways not defined by the methods of interface `CompletionStage`.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `newIncompleteFuture()`
  Returns a new incomplete CompletableFuture of the type to be returned by a CompletionStage method.
  `void`
  `obtrudeException(Throwable ex)`
  Forcibly causes subsequent invocations of method `get()` and related methods to throw the given exception, whether or not already completed.
  `void`
  `obtrudeValue(T value)`
  Forcibly sets or resets the value subsequently returned by method `get()` and related methods, whether or not already completed.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `orTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)`
  Exceptionally completes this CompletableFuture with a `TimeoutException` if not otherwise completed before the given timeout.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action using the supplied executor.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action using the supplied executor.
  `static CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAsync(Runnable runnable)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` after it runs the given action.
  `static CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the given executor after it runs the given action.
  `static <U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` with the value obtained by calling the given Supplier.
  `static <U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the given executor with the value obtained by calling the given Supplier.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using the supplied Executor, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed with the two results as arguments to the supplied action.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the two results as arguments to the supplied action.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the two results as arguments to the supplied action.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using the supplied Executor, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function.
  `<U, V> CompletableFuture<V>`
  `thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed with the two results as arguments to the supplied function.
  `<U, V> CompletableFuture<V>`
  `thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the two results as arguments to the supplied function.
  `<U, V> CompletableFuture<V>`
  `thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the two results as arguments to the supplied function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenCompose(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function, executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility.
  `<U> CompletableFuture<U>`
  `thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function, executed using the supplied Executor.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenRun(Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenRunAsync(Runnable action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility.
  `CompletableFuture<Void>`
  `thenRunAsync(Runnable action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action using the supplied Executor.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `toCompletableFuture()`
  Returns this CompletableFuture.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string identifying this CompletableFuture, as well as its completion state.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action when this stage completes.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility when this stage completes.
  `CompletableFuture<T>`
  `whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)`
  Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action using the supplied Executor when this stage completes.

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

  `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

  ### Methods declared in interface java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage

  `exceptionallyAsync, exceptionallyAsync, exceptionallyCompose, exceptionallyComposeAsync, exceptionallyComposeAsync`

- ## Constructor Details

  - ### CompletableFuture

    public CompletableFuture()
    Creates a new incomplete CompletableFuture.

- ## Method Details

  - ### supplyAsync

    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` with the value obtained by calling the given Supplier.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `supplier` - a function returning the value to be used to complete the returned CompletableFuture
    Returns:
      the new CompletableFuture

  - ### supplyAsync

    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the given executor with the value obtained by calling the given Supplier.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `supplier` - a function returning the value to be used to complete the returned CompletableFuture
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletableFuture

  - ### runAsync

    public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` after it runs the given action.
    Parameters:
      `runnable` - the action to run before completing the returned CompletableFuture
    Returns:
      the new CompletableFuture

  - ### runAsync

    public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is asynchronously completed by a task running in the given executor after it runs the given action.
    Parameters:
      `runnable` - the action to run before completing the returned CompletableFuture
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletableFuture

  - ### completedFuture

    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> completedFuture(U value)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is already completed with the given value.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the value
    Parameters:
      `value` - the value
    Returns:
      the completed CompletableFuture

  - ### isDone

    public boolean isDone()
    Returns `true` if completed in any fashion: normally, exceptionally, or via cancellation.
    Specified by:
      `isDone` in interface `Future<T>`
    Returns:
      `true` if completed

  - ### get

    public T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
    Waits if necessary for this future to complete, and then returns its result.
    Specified by:
      `get` in interface `Future<T>`
    Returns:
      the result value
    Throws:
      `CancellationException` - if this future was cancelled
      `ExecutionException` - if this future completed exceptionally
      `InterruptedException` - if the current thread was interrupted while waiting

  - ### get

    public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException
    Waits if necessary for at most the given time for this future to complete, and then returns its result, if available.
    Specified by:
      `get` in interface `Future<T>`
    Parameters:
      `timeout` - the maximum time to wait
      `unit` - the time unit of the timeout argument
    Returns:
      the result value
    Throws:
      `CancellationException` - if this future was cancelled
      `ExecutionException` - if this future completed exceptionally
      `InterruptedException` - if the current thread was interrupted while waiting
      `TimeoutException` - if the wait timed out

  - ### join

    public T join()
    Returns the result value when complete, or throws an (unchecked) exception if completed exceptionally. To better conform with the use of common functional forms, if a computation involved in the completion of this CompletableFuture threw an exception, this method throws an (unchecked) `CompletionException` with the underlying exception as its cause.
    Returns:
      the result value
    Throws:
      `CancellationException` - if the computation was cancelled
      `CompletionException` - if this future completed exceptionally or a completion computation threw an exception

  - ### getNow

    public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)
    Returns the result value (or throws any encountered exception) if completed, else returns the given valueIfAbsent.
    Parameters:
      `valueIfAbsent` - the value to return if not completed
    Returns:
      the result value, if completed, else the given valueIfAbsent
    Throws:
      `CancellationException` - if the computation was cancelled
      `CompletionException` - if this future completed exceptionally or a completion computation threw an exception

  - ### complete

    public boolean complete(T value)
    If not already completed, sets the value returned by `get()` and related methods to the given value.
    Parameters:
      `value` - the result value
    Returns:
      `true` if this invocation caused this CompletableFuture to transition to a completed state, else `false`

  - ### completeExceptionally

    public boolean completeExceptionally(Throwable ex)
    If not already completed, causes invocations of `get()` and related methods to throw the given exception.
    Parameters:
      `ex` - the exception
    Returns:
      `true` if this invocation caused this CompletableFuture to transition to a completed state, else `false`

  - ### thenApply

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function.

    This method is analogous to `Optional.map` and `Stream.map`.

    See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.

    Specified by:
      `thenApply` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenApplyAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenApplyAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenApplyAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using the supplied Executor, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenApplyAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAccept

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAccept` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAcceptAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAcceptAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAcceptAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, is executed using the supplied Executor, with this stage's result as the argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAcceptAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenRun

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRun(Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenRun` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenRunAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenRunAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenRunAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes normally, executes the given action using the supplied Executor. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenRunAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenCombine

    public <U, V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed with the two results as arguments to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenCombine` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
      `V` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenCombineAsync

    public <U, V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the two results as arguments to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenCombineAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
      `V` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenCombineAsync

    public <U, V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the two results as arguments to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenCombineAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
      `V` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAcceptBoth

    public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed with the two results as arguments to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAcceptBoth` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAcceptBothAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the two results as arguments to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAcceptBothAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenAcceptBothAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the two results as arguments to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `thenAcceptBothAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the other CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterBoth

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterBoth` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterBothAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterBothAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterBothAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this and the other given stage both complete normally, executes the given action using the supplied executor. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterBothAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### applyToEither

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `applyToEither` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### applyToEitherAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `applyToEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### applyToEitherAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied function. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `applyToEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### acceptEither

    public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `acceptEither` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### acceptEitherAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `acceptEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### acceptEitherAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, is executed using the supplied executor, with the corresponding result as argument to the supplied action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `acceptEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterEither

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterEither` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterEitherAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### runAfterEitherAsync

    public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when either this or the other given stage complete normally, executes the given action using the supplied executor. See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.
    Specified by:
      `runAfterEitherAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `other` - the other CompletionStage
      `action` - the action to perform before completing the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenCompose

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function.

    When this stage completes normally, the given function is invoked with this stage's result as the argument, returning another CompletionStage. When that stage completes normally, the CompletionStage returned by this method is completed with the same value.

    To ensure progress, the supplied function must arrange eventual completion of its result.

    This method is analogous to `Optional.flatMap` and `Stream.flatMap`.

    See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.

    Specified by:
      `thenCompose` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the returned CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute another CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenComposeAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function, executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility.

    When this stage completes normally, the given function is invoked with this stage's result as the argument, returning another CompletionStage. When that stage completes normally, the CompletionStage returned by this method is completed with the same value.

    To ensure progress, the supplied function must arrange eventual completion of its result.

    See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.

    Specified by:
      `thenComposeAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the returned CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute another CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### thenComposeAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed with the same value as the CompletionStage returned by the given function, executed using the supplied Executor.

    When this stage completes normally, the given function is invoked with this stage's result as the argument, returning another CompletionStage. When that stage completes normally, the CompletionStage returned by this method is completed with the same value.

    To ensure progress, the supplied function must arrange eventual completion of its result.

    See the `CompletionStage` documentation for rules covering exceptional completion.

    Specified by:
      `thenComposeAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the returned CompletionStage's result
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute another CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### whenComplete

    public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action when this stage completes.

    When this stage is complete, the given action is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments. The returned stage is completed when the action returns.

    Unlike method `handle`, this method is not designed to translate completion outcomes, so the supplied action should not throw an exception. However, if it does, the following rules apply: if this stage completed normally but the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with the supplied action's exception. Or, if this stage completed exceptionally and the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with this stage's exception.

    Specified by:
      `whenComplete` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### whenCompleteAsync

    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility when this stage completes.

    When this stage is complete, the given action is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments. The returned stage is completed when the action returns.

    Unlike method `handleAsync`, this method is not designed to translate completion outcomes, so the supplied action should not throw an exception. However, if it does, the following rules apply: If this stage completed normally but the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with the supplied action's exception. Or, if this stage completed exceptionally and the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with this stage's exception.

    Specified by:
      `whenCompleteAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### whenCompleteAsync

    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage with the same result or exception as this stage, that executes the given action using the supplied Executor when this stage completes.

    When this stage is complete, the given action is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments. The returned stage is completed when the action returns.

    Unlike method `handleAsync`, this method is not designed to translate completion outcomes, so the supplied action should not throw an exception. However, if it does, the following rules apply: If this stage completed normally but the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with the supplied action's exception. Or, if this stage completed exceptionally and the supplied action throws an exception, then the returned stage completes exceptionally with this stage's exception.

    Specified by:
      `whenCompleteAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `action` - the action to perform
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### handle

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.

    When this stage is complete, the given function is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments, and the function's result is used to complete the returned stage.

    Specified by:
      `handle` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### handleAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed using this stage's default asynchronous execution facility, with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.

    When this stage is complete, the given function is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments, and the function's result is used to complete the returned stage.

    Specified by:
      `handleAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### handleAsync

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes either normally or exceptionally, is executed using the supplied executor, with this stage's result and exception as arguments to the supplied function.

    When this stage is complete, the given function is invoked with the result (or `null` if none) and the exception (or `null` if none) of this stage as arguments, and the function's result is used to complete the returned stage.

    Specified by:
      `handleAsync` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the function's return type
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### toCompletableFuture

    public CompletableFuture<T> toCompletableFuture()
    Returns this CompletableFuture.
    Specified by:
      `toCompletableFuture` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Returns:
      this CompletableFuture

  - ### exceptionally

    public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)
    Description copied from interface: `CompletionStage`
    Returns a new CompletionStage that, when this stage completes exceptionally, is executed with this stage's exception as the argument to the supplied function. Otherwise, if this stage completes normally, then the returned stage also completes normally with the same value.
    Specified by:
      `exceptionally` in interface `CompletionStage<T>`
    Parameters:
      `fn` - the function to use to compute the value of the returned CompletionStage if this CompletionStage completed exceptionally
    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage

  - ### allOf

    public static CompletableFuture<Void> allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed when all of the given CompletableFutures complete. If any of the given CompletableFutures complete exceptionally, then the returned CompletableFuture also does so, with a CompletionException holding this exception as its cause. Otherwise, the results, if any, of the given CompletableFutures are not reflected in the returned CompletableFuture, but may be obtained by inspecting them individually. If no CompletableFutures are provided, returns a CompletableFuture completed with the value `null`.

    Among the applications of this method is to await completion of a set of independent CompletableFutures before continuing a program, as in: `CompletableFuture.allOf(c1, c2, c3).join();`.

    Parameters:
      `cfs` - the CompletableFutures
    Returns:
      a new CompletableFuture that is completed when all of the given CompletableFutures complete
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the array or any of its elements are `null`

  - ### anyOf

    public static CompletableFuture<Object> anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed when any of the given CompletableFutures complete, with the same result. Otherwise, if it completed exceptionally, the returned CompletableFuture also does so, with a CompletionException holding this exception as its cause. If no CompletableFutures are provided, returns an incomplete CompletableFuture.
    Parameters:
      `cfs` - the CompletableFutures
    Returns:
      a new CompletableFuture that is completed with the result or exception of any of the given CompletableFutures when one completes
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the array or any of its elements are `null`

  - ### cancel

    public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning)
    If not already completed, completes this CompletableFuture with a `CancellationException`. Dependent CompletableFutures that have not already completed will also complete exceptionally, with a `CompletionException` caused by this `CancellationException`.
    Specified by:
      `cancel` in interface `Future<T>`
    Parameters:
      `mayInterruptIfRunning` - this value has no effect in this implementation because interrupts are not used to control processing.
    Returns:
      `true` if this task is now cancelled

  - ### isCancelled

    public boolean isCancelled()
    Returns `true` if this CompletableFuture was cancelled before it completed normally.
    Specified by:
      `isCancelled` in interface `Future<T>`
    Returns:
      `true` if this CompletableFuture was cancelled before it completed normally

  - ### isCompletedExceptionally

    public boolean isCompletedExceptionally()
    Returns `true` if this CompletableFuture completed exceptionally, in any way. Possible causes include cancellation, explicit invocation of `completeExceptionally`, and abrupt termination of a CompletionStage action.
    Returns:
      `true` if this CompletableFuture completed exceptionally

  - ### obtrudeValue

    public void obtrudeValue(T value)
    Forcibly sets or resets the value subsequently returned by method `get()` and related methods, whether or not already completed. This method is designed for use only in error recovery actions, and even in such situations may result in ongoing dependent completions using established versus overwritten outcomes.
    Parameters:
      `value` - the completion value

  - ### obtrudeException

    public void obtrudeException(Throwable ex)
    Forcibly causes subsequent invocations of method `get()` and related methods to throw the given exception, whether or not already completed. This method is designed for use only in error recovery actions, and even in such situations may result in ongoing dependent completions using established versus overwritten outcomes.
    Parameters:
      `ex` - the exception
    Throws:
      `NullPointerException` - if the exception is null

  - ### getNumberOfDependents

    public int getNumberOfDependents()
    Returns the estimated number of CompletableFutures whose completions are awaiting completion of this CompletableFuture. This method is designed for use in monitoring system state, not for synchronization control.
    Returns:
      the number of dependent CompletableFutures

  - ### toString

    public String toString()
    Returns a string identifying this CompletableFuture, as well as its completion state. The state, in brackets, contains the String `"Completed Normally"` or the String `"Completed Exceptionally"`, or the String `"Not completed"` followed by the number of CompletableFutures dependent upon its completion, if any.
    Overrides:
      `toString` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a string identifying this CompletableFuture, as well as its state

  - ### newIncompleteFuture

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> newIncompleteFuture()
    Returns a new incomplete CompletableFuture of the type to be returned by a CompletionStage method. Subclasses should normally override this method to return an instance of the same class as this CompletableFuture. The default implementation returns an instance of class CompletableFuture.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the value
    Returns:
      a new CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### defaultExecutor

    public Executor defaultExecutor()
    Returns the default Executor used for async methods that do not specify an Executor. This class uses the `ForkJoinPool.commonPool()` if it supports more than one parallel thread, or else an Executor using one thread per async task. This method may be overridden in subclasses to return an Executor that provides at least one independent thread.
    Returns:
      the executor
    Since:
      9

  - ### copy

    public CompletableFuture<T> copy()
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is completed normally with the same value as this CompletableFuture when it completes normally. If this CompletableFuture completes exceptionally, then the returned CompletableFuture completes exceptionally with a CompletionException with this exception as cause. The behavior is equivalent to `thenApply(x -> x)`. This method may be useful as a form of "defensive copying", to prevent clients from completing, while still being able to arrange dependent actions.
    Returns:
      the new CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### minimalCompletionStage

    public CompletionStage<T> minimalCompletionStage()
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is completed normally with the same value as this CompletableFuture when it completes normally, and cannot be independently completed or otherwise used in ways not defined by the methods of interface `CompletionStage`. If this CompletableFuture completes exceptionally, then the returned CompletionStage completes exceptionally with a CompletionException with this exception as cause.

    Unless overridden by a subclass, a new non-minimal CompletableFuture with all methods available can be obtained from a minimal CompletionStage via `toCompletableFuture()`. For example, completion of a minimal stage can be awaited by

         minimalStage.toCompletableFuture().join();

    Returns:
      the new CompletionStage
    Since:
      9

  - ### completeAsync

    public CompletableFuture<T> completeAsync(Supplier<? extends T> supplier, Executor executor)
    Completes this CompletableFuture with the result of the given Supplier function invoked from an asynchronous task using the given executor.
    Parameters:
      `supplier` - a function returning the value to be used to complete this CompletableFuture
      `executor` - the executor to use for asynchronous execution
    Returns:
      this CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### completeAsync

    public CompletableFuture<T> completeAsync(Supplier<? extends T> supplier)
    Completes this CompletableFuture with the result of the given Supplier function invoked from an asynchronous task using the default executor.
    Parameters:
      `supplier` - a function returning the value to be used to complete this CompletableFuture
    Returns:
      this CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### orTimeout

    public CompletableFuture<T> orTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
    Exceptionally completes this CompletableFuture with a `TimeoutException` if not otherwise completed before the given timeout.
    Parameters:
      `timeout` - how long to wait before completing exceptionally with a TimeoutException, in units of `unit`
      `unit` - a `TimeUnit` determining how to interpret the `timeout` parameter
    Returns:
      this CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### completeOnTimeout

    public CompletableFuture<T> completeOnTimeout(T value, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
    Completes this CompletableFuture with the given value if not otherwise completed before the given timeout.
    Parameters:
      `value` - the value to use upon timeout
      `timeout` - how long to wait before completing normally with the given value, in units of `unit`
      `unit` - a `TimeUnit` determining how to interpret the `timeout` parameter
    Returns:
      this CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### delayedExecutor

    public static Executor delayedExecutor(long delay, TimeUnit unit, Executor executor)
    Returns a new Executor that submits a task to the given base executor after the given delay (or no delay if non-positive). Each delay commences upon invocation of the returned executor's `execute` method.
    Parameters:
      `delay` - how long to delay, in units of `unit`
      `unit` - a `TimeUnit` determining how to interpret the `delay` parameter
      `executor` - the base executor
    Returns:
      the new delayed executor
    Since:
      9

  - ### delayedExecutor

    public static Executor delayedExecutor(long delay, TimeUnit unit)
    Returns a new Executor that submits a task to the default executor after the given delay (or no delay if non-positive). Each delay commences upon invocation of the returned executor's `execute` method.
    Parameters:
      `delay` - how long to delay, in units of `unit`
      `unit` - a `TimeUnit` determining how to interpret the `delay` parameter
    Returns:
      the new delayed executor
    Since:
      9

  - ### completedStage

    public static <U> CompletionStage<U> completedStage(U value)
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is already completed with the given value and supports only those methods in interface `CompletionStage`.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the value
    Parameters:
      `value` - the value
    Returns:
      the completed CompletionStage
    Since:
      9

  - ### failedFuture

    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> failedFuture(Throwable ex)
    Returns a new CompletableFuture that is already completed exceptionally with the given exception.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the value
    Parameters:
      `ex` - the exception
    Returns:
      the exceptionally completed CompletableFuture
    Since:
      9

  - ### failedStage

    public static <U> CompletionStage<U> failedStage(Throwable ex)
    Returns a new CompletionStage that is already completed exceptionally with the given exception and supports only those methods in interface `CompletionStage`.
    Type Parameters:
      `U` - the type of the value
    Parameters:
      `ex` - the exception
    Returns:
      the exceptionally completed CompletionStage
    Since:
      9