Module jdk.incubator.foreign
Package jdk.incubator.foreign

# Interface MemoryLayout

All Superinterfaces:
  `Constable`

All Known Implementing Classes:
  `GroupLayout`, `SequenceLayout`, `ValueLayout`

public sealed interface MemoryLayout extends Constable permits SequenceLayout, GroupLayout, ValueLayout (not exhaustive)
A memory layout can be used to describe the contents of a memory segment in a language neutral fashion. There are two leaves in the layout hierarchy, value layouts, which are used to represent values of given size and kind (see `ValueLayout`) and padding layouts which are used, as the name suggests, to represent a portion of a memory segment whose contents should be ignored, and which are primarily present for alignment reasons (see `paddingLayout(long)`). Some common value layout constants are defined in the `MemoryLayouts` class.

More complex layouts can be derived from simpler ones: a sequence layout denotes a repetition of one or more element layout (see `SequenceLayout`); a group layout denotes an aggregation of (typically) heterogeneous member layouts (see `GroupLayout`).

For instance, consider the following struct declaration in C:

>      typedef struct {
>          char kind;
>          int value;
>      } TaggedValues[5];

The above declaration can be modelled using a layout object, as follows:

>     SequenceLayout taggedValues = MemoryLayout.sequenceLayout(5,
>         MemoryLayout.structLayout(
>             MemoryLayout.valueLayout(8, ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).withName("kind"),
>             MemoryLayout.paddingLayout(24),
>             MemoryLayout.valueLayout(32, ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).withName("value")
>         )
>     ).withName("TaggedValues");

All implementations of this interface must be value-based; programmers should treat instances that are equal as interchangeable and should not use instances for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail. The `equals` method should be used for comparisons.

Non-platform classes should not implement MemoryLayout directly.

Unless otherwise specified, passing a `null` argument, or an array argument containing one or more `null` elements to a method in this class causes a `NullPointerException` to be thrown.

## Size, alignment and byte order

All layouts have a size; layout size for value and padding layouts is always explicitly denoted; this means that a layout description always has the same size in bits, regardless of the platform in which it is used. For derived layouts, the size is computed as follows:

- for a finite sequence layout S whose element layout is E and size is L, the size of S is that of E, multiplied by L
- the size of an unbounded sequence layout is unknown
- for a group layout G with member layouts M1, M2, ... Mn whose sizes are S1, S2, ... Sn, respectively, the size of G is either S1 + S2 + ... + Sn or max(S1, S2, ... Sn) depending on whether the group is a struct or an union, respectively

Furthermore, all layouts feature a natural alignment which can be inferred as follows:

- for a padding layout L, the natural alignment is 1, regardless of its size; that is, in the absence of an explicit alignment constraint, a padding layout should not affect the alignment constraint of the group layout it is nested into
- for a value layout L whose size is N, the natural alignment of L is N
- for a sequence layout S whose element layout is E, the natural alignment of S is that of E
- for a group layout G with member layouts M1, M2, ... Mn whose alignments are A1, A2, ... An, respectively, the natural alignment of G is max(A1, A2 ... An)

A layout's natural alignment can be overridden if needed (see `withBitAlignment(long)`), which can be useful to describe hyper-aligned layouts.

All value layouts have an explicit byte order (see `ByteOrder`) which is set when the layout is created.

## Layout paths

A layout path originates from a root layout (typically a group or a sequence layout) and terminates at a layout nested within the root layout - this is the layout selected by the layout path. Layout paths are typically expressed as a sequence of one or more `MemoryLayout.PathElement` instances.

Layout paths are for example useful in order to obtain offsets of arbitrarily nested layouts inside another layout (see `bitOffset(PathElement...)`), to quickly obtain a memory access handle corresponding to the selected layout (see `varHandle(Class, PathElement...)`), to select an arbitrarily nested layout inside another layout (see `select(PathElement...)`, or to transform a nested layout element inside another layout (see `map(UnaryOperator, PathElement...)`).

Such layout paths can be constructed programmatically using the methods in this class. For instance, given the `taggedValues` layout instance constructed as above, we can obtain the offset, in bits, of the member layout named `value` in the first sequence element, as follows:

>     long valueOffset = taggedValues.bitOffset(PathElement.sequenceElement(0),
>                                               PathElement.groupElement("value")); // yields 32

Similarly, we can select the member layout named `value`, as follows:

>     MemoryLayout value = taggedValues.select(PathElement.sequenceElement(),
>                                              PathElement.groupElement("value"));

And, we can also replace the layout named `value` with another layout, as follows:

>     MemoryLayout taggedValuesWithHole = taggedValues.map(l -> MemoryLayout.paddingLayout(32),
>                                                 PathElement.sequenceElement(), PathElement.groupElement("value"));

That is, the above declaration is identical to the following, more verbose one:

>     MemoryLayout taggedValuesWithHole = MemoryLayout.sequenceLayout(5,
>         MemoryLayout.structLayout(
>             MemoryLayout.valueLayout(8, ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).withName("kind"),
>             MemoryLayout.paddingLayout(32),
>             MemoryLayout.paddingLayout(32)
>     ));

Layout paths can feature one or more free dimensions. For instance, a layout path traversing an unspecified sequence element (that is, where one of the path component was obtained with the `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()` method) features an additional free dimension, which will have to be bound at runtime. This is important when obtaining memory access var handle from layouts, as in the following code:

>     VarHandle valueHandle = taggedValues.varHandle(int.class,
>                                                    PathElement.sequenceElement(),
>                                                    PathElement.groupElement("value"));

Since the layout path constructed in the above example features exactly one free dimension (as it doesn't specify which member layout named `value` should be selected from the enclosing sequence layout), it follows that the memory access var handle `valueHandle` will feature an additional `long` access coordinate.

A layout path with free dimensions can also be used to create an offset-computing method handle, using the `bitOffset(PathElement...)` or `byteOffsetHandle(PathElement...)` method. Again, free dimensions are translated into `long` parameters of the created method handle. The method handle can be used to compute the offsets of elements of a sequence at different indices, by supplying these indices when invoking the method handle. For instance:

>     MethodHandle offsetHandle = taggedValues.byteOffsetHandle(PathElement.sequenceElement(),
>                                                               PathElement.groupElement("kind"));
>     long offset1 = (long) offsetHandle.invokeExact(1L); // 8
>     long offset2 = (long) offsetHandle.invokeExact(2L); // 16

## Layout attributes

Layouts can be optionally associated with one or more attributes. A layout attribute forms a name/value pair, where the name is a `String` and the value is a `Constable`. The most common form of layout attribute is the layout name (see `LAYOUT_NAME`), a custom name that can be associated with memory layouts and that can be referred to when constructing layout paths.

Implementation Requirements:
  Implementations of this interface are immutable, thread-safe and value-based.

- ## Nested Class Summary

  Nested Classes
  Modifier and Type
  Interface
  Description
  `static interface`
  `MemoryLayout.PathElement`
  Instances of this class are used to form layout paths.

- ## Field Summary

  Fields
  Modifier and Type
  Field
  Description
  `static final String`
  `LAYOUT_NAME`
  Attribute name used to specify the name property of a memory layout (see `name()` and `withName(String)`).

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type
  Method
  Description
  `Optional<Constable>`
  `attribute(String name)`
  Returns the attribute with the given name (if it exists).
  `Stream<String>`
  `attributes()`
  Returns a stream of the attribute names associated with this layout.
  `long`
  `bitAlignment()`
  Returns the alignment constraint associated with this layout, expressed in bits.
  `default long`
  `bitOffset(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Computes the offset, in bits, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `default MethodHandle`
  `bitOffsetHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Creates a method handle that can be used to compute the offset, in bits, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `long`
  `bitSize()`
  Computes the layout size, in bits.
  `default long`
  `byteAlignment()`
  Returns the alignment constraint associated with this layout, expressed in bytes.
  `default long`
  `byteOffset(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Computes the offset, in bytes, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `default MethodHandle`
  `byteOffsetHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Creates a method handle that can be used to compute the offset, in bytes, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `default long`
  `byteSize()`
  Computes the layout size, in bytes.
  `Optional<? extends DynamicConstantDesc<? extends MemoryLayout>>`
  `describeConstable()`
  Returns an `Optional` containing the nominal descriptor for this layout, if one can be constructed, or an empty `Optional` if one cannot be constructed.
  `boolean`
  `equals(Object that)`
  Compares the specified object with this layout for equality.
  `int`
  `hashCode()`
  Returns the hash code value for this layout.
  `boolean`
  `hasSize()`
  Does this layout have a specified size?
  `boolean`
  `isPadding()`
  Is this a padding layout (e.g. a layout created from `paddingLayout(long)`) ?
  `default MemoryLayout`
  `map(UnaryOperator<MemoryLayout> op, MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Creates a transformed copy of this layout where a selected layout, from a path rooted in this layout, is replaced with the result of applying the given operation.
  `Optional<String>`
  `name()`
  Return the name (if any) associated with this layout.
  `static MemoryLayout`
  `paddingLayout(long size)`
  Create a new padding layout with given size.
  `default MemoryLayout`
  `select(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Selects the layout from a path rooted in this layout.
  `static SequenceLayout`
  `sequenceLayout(long elementCount, MemoryLayout elementLayout)`
  Create a new sequence layout with given element layout and element count.
  `static SequenceLayout`
  `sequenceLayout(MemoryLayout elementLayout)`
  Create a new sequence layout, with unbounded element count and given element layout.
  `default MethodHandle`
  `sliceHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Creates a method handle which, given a memory segment, returns a slice corresponding to the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `static GroupLayout`
  `structLayout(MemoryLayout... elements)`
  Create a new struct group layout with given member layouts.
  `String`
  `toString()`
  Returns a string representation of this layout.
  `static GroupLayout`
  `unionLayout(MemoryLayout... elements)`
  Create a new union group layout with given member layouts.
  `static ValueLayout`
  `valueLayout(long size, ByteOrder order)`
  Create a value layout of given byte order and size.
  `default VarHandle`
  `varHandle(Class<?> carrier, MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)`
  Creates a memory access var handle that can be used to dereference memory at the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
  `MemoryLayout`
  `withAttribute(String name, Constable value)`
  Returns a new memory layout which features the same attributes as this layout, plus the newly specified attribute.
  `MemoryLayout`
  `withBitAlignment(long bitAlignment)`
  Creates a new layout which features the desired alignment constraint.
  `MemoryLayout`
  `withName(String name)`
  Creates a new layout which features the desired layout name.

- ## Field Details

  - ### LAYOUT_NAME

    static final String LAYOUT_NAME
    Attribute name used to specify the name property of a memory layout (see `name()` and `withName(String)`).
    See Also:
      - Constant Field Values

- ## Method Details

  - ### describeConstable

    Optional<? extends DynamicConstantDesc<? extends MemoryLayout>> describeConstable()
    Returns an `Optional` containing the nominal descriptor for this layout, if one can be constructed, or an empty `Optional` if one cannot be constructed.
    Specified by:
      `describeConstable` in interface `Constable`
    Returns:
      An `Optional` containing the resulting nominal descriptor, or an empty `Optional` if one cannot be constructed.

  - ### hasSize

    boolean hasSize()
    Does this layout have a specified size? A layout does not have a specified size if it is (or contains) a sequence layout whose size is unspecified (see `SequenceLayout.elementCount()`). Value layouts (see `ValueLayout`) and padding layouts (see `paddingLayout(long)`) always have a specified size, therefore this method always returns `true` in these cases.
    Returns:
      `true`, if this layout has a specified size.

  - ### bitSize

    long bitSize()
    Computes the layout size, in bits.
    Returns:
      the layout size, in bits.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the layout is, or contains, a sequence layout with unspecified size (see `SequenceLayout`).

  - ### byteSize

    default long byteSize()
    Computes the layout size, in bytes.
    Returns:
      the layout size, in bytes.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the layout is, or contains, a sequence layout with unspecified size (see `SequenceLayout`), or if `bitSize()` is not a multiple of 8.

  - ### name

    Optional<String> name()
    Return the name (if any) associated with this layout.

    This is equivalent to the following code:

    >         attribute(LAYOUT_NAME).map(String.class::cast);

    Returns:
      the layout name (if any).
    See Also:
      - `withName(String)`

  - ### withName

    MemoryLayout withName(String name)
    Creates a new layout which features the desired layout name.

    This is equivalent to the following code:

    >         withAttribute(LAYOUT_NAME, name);

    Parameters:
      `name` - the layout name.
    Returns:
      a new layout which is the same as this layout, except for the name associated with it.
    See Also:
      - `name()`

  - ### bitAlignment

    long bitAlignment()
    Returns the alignment constraint associated with this layout, expressed in bits. Layout alignment defines a power of two `A` which is the bit-wise alignment of the layout. If `A <= 8` then `A/8` is the number of bytes that must be aligned for any pointer that correctly points to this layout. Thus:
    - `A=8` means unaligned (in the usual sense), which is common in packets.
    - `A=64` means word aligned (on LP64), `A=32` int aligned, `A=16` short aligned, etc.
    - `A=512` is the most strict alignment required by the x86/SV ABI (for AVX-512 data).
    If no explicit alignment constraint was set on this layout (see `withBitAlignment(long)`), then this method returns the natural alignment constraint (in bits) associated with this layout.
    Returns:
      the layout alignment constraint, in bits.

  - ### byteAlignment

    default long byteAlignment()
    Returns the alignment constraint associated with this layout, expressed in bytes. Layout alignment defines a power of two `A` which is the byte-wise alignment of the layout, where `A` is the number of bytes that must be aligned for any pointer that correctly points to this layout. Thus:
    - `A=1` means unaligned (in the usual sense), which is common in packets.
    - `A=8` means word aligned (on LP64), `A=4` int aligned, `A=2` short aligned, etc.
    - `A=64` is the most strict alignment required by the x86/SV ABI (for AVX-512 data).
    If no explicit alignment constraint was set on this layout (see `withBitAlignment(long)`), then this method returns the natural alignment constraint (in bytes) associated with this layout.
    Returns:
      the layout alignment constraint, in bytes.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if `bitAlignment()` is not a multiple of 8.

  - ### withBitAlignment

    MemoryLayout withBitAlignment(long bitAlignment)
    Creates a new layout which features the desired alignment constraint.
    Parameters:
      `bitAlignment` - the layout alignment constraint, expressed in bits.
    Returns:
      a new layout which is the same as this layout, except for the alignment constraint associated with it.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `bitAlignment` is not a power of two, or if it's less than than 8.

  - ### attribute

    Optional<Constable> attribute(String name)
    Returns the attribute with the given name (if it exists).
    Parameters:
      `name` - the attribute name
    Returns:
      the attribute with the given name (if it exists).

  - ### withAttribute

    MemoryLayout withAttribute(String name, Constable value)
    Returns a new memory layout which features the same attributes as this layout, plus the newly specified attribute. If this layout already contains an attribute with the same name, the existing attribute value is overwritten in the returned layout.
    Parameters:
      `name` - the attribute name.
      `value` - the attribute value.
    Returns:
      a new memory layout which features the same attributes as this layout, plus the newly specified attribute.

  - ### attributes

    Stream<String> attributes()
    Returns a stream of the attribute names associated with this layout.
    Returns:
      a stream of the attribute names associated with this layout.

  - ### bitOffset

    default long bitOffset(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Computes the offset, in bits, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      The offset, in bits, of the layout selected by the layout path in `elements`.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path does not select any layout nested in this layout, or if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select multiple sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()` and `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if one of the layouts traversed by the layout path has unspecified size.
      `NullPointerException` - if either `elements == null`, or if any of the elements in `elements` is `null`.

  - ### bitOffsetHandle

    default MethodHandle bitOffsetHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Creates a method handle that can be used to compute the offset, in bits, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.

    The returned method handle has a return type of `long`, and features as many `long` parameter types as there are free dimensions in the provided layout path (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()`, where the order of the parameters corresponds to the order of the path elements. The returned method handle can be used to compute a layout offset similar to `bitOffset(PathElement...)`, but where some sequence indices are specified only when invoking the method handle.

    The final offset returned by the method handle is computed as follows:

    >         offset = c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_m + (x_1 * s_1) + (x_2 * s_2) + ... + (x_n * s_n)

    where `x_1`, `x_2`, ... `x_n` are dynamic values provided as `long` arguments, whereas `c_1`, `c_2`, ... `c_m` are static offset constants and `s_0`, `s_1`, ... `s_n` are static stride constants which are derived from the layout path.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      a method handle that can be used to compute the bit offset of the layout element specified by the given layout path elements, when supplied with the missing sequence element indices.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select multiple sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if one of the layouts traversed by the layout path has unspecified size.

  - ### byteOffset

    default long byteOffset(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Computes the offset, in bytes, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      The offset, in bytes, of the layout selected by the layout path in `elements`.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path does not select any layout nested in this layout, or if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select multiple sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()` and `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if one of the layouts traversed by the layout path has unspecified size, or if `bitOffset(elements)` is not a multiple of 8.
      `NullPointerException` - if either `elements == null`, or if any of the elements in `elements` is `null`.

  - ### byteOffsetHandle

    default MethodHandle byteOffsetHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Creates a method handle that can be used to compute the offset, in bytes, of the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.

    The returned method handle has a return type of `long`, and features as many `long` parameter types as there are free dimensions in the provided layout path (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()`, where the order of the parameters corresponds to the order of the path elements. The returned method handle can be used to compute a layout offset similar to `byteOffset(PathElement...)`, but where some sequence indices are specified only when invoking the method handle.

    The final offset returned by the method handle is computed as follows:

    >         bitOffset = c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_m + (x_1 * s_1) + (x_2 * s_2) + ... + (x_n * s_n)
    >         offset = bitOffset / 8

    where `x_1`, `x_2`, ... `x_n` are dynamic values provided as `long` arguments, whereas `c_1`, `c_2`, ... `c_m` are static offset constants and `s_0`, `s_1`, ... `s_n` are static stride constants which are derived from the layout path.

    The method handle will throw an `UnsupportedOperationException` if the computed offset in bits is not a multiple of 8.

    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      a method handle that can be used to compute the byte offset of the layout element specified by the given layout path elements, when supplied with the missing sequence element indices.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select multiple sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if one of the layouts traversed by the layout path has unspecified size.

  - ### varHandle

    default VarHandle varHandle(Class<?> carrier, MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Creates a memory access var handle that can be used to dereference memory at the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.

    The final memory location accessed by the returned memory access var handle can be computed as follows:

    >         address = base + offset

    where `base` denotes the base address expressed by the `MemorySegment` access coordinate (see `MemorySegment.address()` and `MemoryAddress.toRawLongValue()`) and `offset` can be expressed in the following form:

    >         offset = c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_m + (x_1 * s_1) + (x_2 * s_2) + ... + (x_n * s_n)

    where `x_1`, `x_2`, ... `x_n` are dynamic values provided as `long` arguments, whereas `c_1`, `c_2`, ... `c_m` are static offset constants and `s_0`, `s_1`, ... `s_n` are static stride constants which are derived from the layout path.
    API Note:
      the resulting var handle will feature an additional `long` access coordinate for every unspecified sequence access component contained in this layout path. Moreover, the resulting var handle features certain access mode restrictions, which are common to all memory access var handles.
    Parameters:
      `carrier` - the var handle carrier type.
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      a var handle which can be used to dereference memory at the (possibly nested) layout selected by the layout path in `elements`.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the layout path has one or more elements with incompatible alignment constraints, or if one of the layouts traversed by the layout path has unspecified size.
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the carrier does not represent a primitive type, if the carrier is `void`, `boolean`, or if the layout path in `elements` does not select a value layout (see `ValueLayout`), or if the selected value layout has a size that that does not match that of the specified carrier type.

  - ### sliceHandle

    default MethodHandle sliceHandle(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Creates a method handle which, given a memory segment, returns a slice corresponding to the layout selected by a given layout path, where the path is considered rooted in this layout.

    The returned method handle has a return type of `MemorySegment`, features a `MemorySegment` parameter as leading parameter representing the segment to be sliced, and features as many trailing `long` parameter types as there are free dimensions in the provided layout path (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement()`, where the order of the parameters corresponds to the order of the path elements. The returned method handle can be used to create a slice similar to using `MemorySegment.asSlice(long, long)`, but where the offset argument is dynamically compute based on indices specified when invoking the method handle.

    The offset of the returned segment is computed as follows:

    >         bitOffset = c_1 + c_2 + ... + c_m + (x_1 * s_1) + (x_2 * s_2) + ... + (x_n * s_n)
    >         offset = bitOffset / 8

    where `x_1`, `x_2`, ... `x_n` are dynamic values provided as `long` arguments, whereas `c_1`, `c_2`, ... `c_m` are static offset constants and `s_0`, `s_1`, ... `s_n` are static stride constants which are derived from the layout path.

    After the offset is computed, the returned segment is create as if by calling:

    >         segment.asSlice(offset, layout.byteSize());

    where `segment` is the segment to be sliced, and where `layout` is the layout selected by the given layout path, as per `select(PathElement...)`.

    The method handle will throw an `UnsupportedOperationException` if the computed offset in bits is not a multiple of 8.

    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      a method handle which can be used to create a slice of the selected layout element, given a segment.
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if the size of the selected layout in bits is not a multiple of 8.

  - ### select

    default MemoryLayout select(MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Selects the layout from a path rooted in this layout.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      the layout selected by the layout path in `elements`.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path does not select any layout nested in this layout, or if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select one or more sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long)` and `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).

  - ### map

    default MemoryLayout map(UnaryOperator<MemoryLayout> op, MemoryLayout.PathElement... elements)
    Creates a transformed copy of this layout where a selected layout, from a path rooted in this layout, is replaced with the result of applying the given operation.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the unary operation to be applied to the selected layout.
      `elements` - the layout path elements.
    Returns:
      a new layout where the layout selected by the layout path in `elements`, has been replaced by the result of applying `op` to the selected layout.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the layout path does not select any layout nested in this layout, or if the layout path contains one or more path elements that select one or more sequence element indices (see `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long)` and `MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement(long, long)`).

  - ### isPadding

    boolean isPadding()
    Is this a padding layout (e.g. a layout created from `paddingLayout(long)`) ?
    Returns:
      true, if this layout is a padding layout.

  - ### equals

    boolean equals(Object that)
    Compares the specified object with this layout for equality. Returns `true` if and only if the specified object is also a layout, and it is equal to this layout. Two layouts are considered equal if they are of the same kind, have the same size, name and alignment constraints. Furthermore, depending on the layout kind, additional conditions must be satisfied:
    - two value layouts are considered equal if they have the same byte order (see `ValueLayout.order()`)
    - two sequence layouts are considered equal if they have the same element count (see `SequenceLayout.elementCount()`), and if their element layouts (see `SequenceLayout.elementLayout()`) are also equal
    - two group layouts are considered equal if they are of the same kind (see `GroupLayout.isStruct()`, `GroupLayout.isUnion()`) and if their member layouts (see `GroupLayout.memberLayouts()`) are also equal
    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Object`
    Parameters:
      `that` - the object to be compared for equality with this layout.
    Returns:
      `true` if the specified object is equal to this layout.
    See Also:
      - `Object.hashCode()`
      - `HashMap`

  - ### hashCode

    int hashCode()
    Returns the hash code value for this layout.
    Overrides:
      `hashCode` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      the hash code value for this layout.
    See Also:
      - `Object.equals(java.lang.Object)`
      - `System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)`

  - ### toString

    String toString()
    Returns a string representation of this layout.
    Overrides:
      `toString` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a string representation of this layout.

  - ### paddingLayout

    static MemoryLayout paddingLayout(long size)
    Create a new padding layout with given size.
    Parameters:
      `size` - the padding size in bits.
    Returns:
      the new selector layout.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `size <= 0`.

  - ### valueLayout

    static ValueLayout valueLayout(long size, ByteOrder order)
    Create a value layout of given byte order and size.
    Parameters:
      `size` - the value layout size.
      `order` - the value layout's byte order.
    Returns:
      a new value layout.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `size <= 0`.

  - ### sequenceLayout

    static SequenceLayout sequenceLayout(long elementCount, MemoryLayout elementLayout)
    Create a new sequence layout with given element layout and element count.
    Parameters:
      `elementCount` - the sequence element count.
      `elementLayout` - the sequence element layout.
    Returns:
      the new sequence layout with given element layout and size.
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if `elementCount < 0`.

  - ### sequenceLayout

    static SequenceLayout sequenceLayout(MemoryLayout elementLayout)
    Create a new sequence layout, with unbounded element count and given element layout.
    Parameters:
      `elementLayout` - the element layout of the sequence layout.
    Returns:
      the new sequence layout with given element layout.

  - ### structLayout

    static GroupLayout structLayout(MemoryLayout... elements)
    Create a new struct group layout with given member layouts.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - The member layouts of the struct group layout.
    Returns:
      a new struct group layout with given member layouts.

  - ### unionLayout

    static GroupLayout unionLayout(MemoryLayout... elements)
    Create a new union group layout with given member layouts.
    Parameters:
      `elements` - The member layouts of the union layout.
    Returns:
      a new union group layout with given member layouts.