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# Authentication

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Authentication is the means by which a data source validates a user's identity and determines whether or not the user has sufficient privileges to perform a given action.

For two-tier applications, simple JDBC authentication is usually sufficient (see "Simple JDBC Authentication").

For three-tier applications, you can use simple JDBC authentication or, proxy authentication (see "Oracle Database Proxy Authentication") when using the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) JDBC driver.

Authentication plays a central role in data security and user accountability and auditing (see "Auditing").