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# 2 Data Modeler Tutorial: Modeling for a Small Database

In this tutorial, you will use Data Modeler to create models for a simplified library database, which will include entities for books, patrons (people who have library cards), and transactions (checking a book out, returning a book, and so on).

This tutorial uses the same entities as for the tutorial provided with the SQL Developer online help. The model is deliberately oversimplified and would not be adequate for any actual public or organizational library. For more advanced tutorials and other materials, see For More Information About Data Modeling.

If the instructions do not mention a particular dialog box, tab, or field, then do not specify anything for it.

This simplified tutorial uses only a subset of the possible steps for the Top-Down Modeling approach. (For information about the approaches, see Approaches to Data Modeling.)

You will perform the following major steps:

1. Develop the Logical Model.

2. Develop the Relational Model.

3. Generate DDL.

4. Save the Design.

Related Topics

Data Modeler Concepts and Usage

Data Modeler User Interface

## 2.1 Develop the Logical Model

The logical model for the database includes three entities: Books (describes each book in the library), Patrons (describes each person who has a library card), and Transactions (describes each transaction involving a patron and a book). However, before you create the entities, create some domains that will make the entity creation (and later DDL generation) more meaningful and specific.

To start developing the logical model, go to Adding Domains.

### 2.1.1 Adding Domains

In planning for your data needs, you have determined that several kinds of fields will occur in multiple kinds of records, and many fields can share a definition. For example, you have decided that:

- The first and last names of persons can be up to 25 characters each.

- Street address lines can be up to 40 characters.

- City names can be up to 25 characters.

- State codes (United States) are 2-character standard abbreviations.

- Zip codes (United States postal codes) can be up to 10 characters (nnnnn-nnnn).

- Book identifiers can be up to 20 characters.

- Other identifiers are numeric, with up to 7 digits (no decimal places).

- Titles (books, articles, and so on) can be up to 50 characters.

You therefore decide to add appropriate domains, so that you can later use them to specify data types for attributes when you create the entities. (These added domains will also be available after you exit Data Modeler and restart it later.)

1. Click Tools, then Domains Administration.

2. In the Domains Administration dialog box, add domains with the following definitions. Click Add to start each definition, and click Apply after each definition.

   Name | Logical Type | Other Information
   --- | --- | ---
   Person Name | VARCHAR | Size: 25
   Address Line | VARCHAR | Size: 40
   City | VARCHAR | Size: 25
   State | VARCHAR | Size: 2
   Zip | VARCHAR | Size: 10
   Book Id | VARCHAR | Size: 20
   Numeric Id | NUMERIC | Precision: 7, Scale: 0
   Title | VARCHAR | Size: 50

3. When you have finished defining these domains, click Save. This creates a file named `defaultdomains.xml` in the `datamodeler/domains` directory or `datamodeler\domains` folder under the location where you installed Data Modeler.

4. Optionally, copy the `defaultdomains.xml` file to a new location (not under the Data Modeler installation directory), and give it an appropriate name, such as `library_domains.xml`. You can then import domains from that file when you create other designs.

5. Click Close to close the dialog box.

6. Go to Creating the Books Entity.

### 2.1.2 Creating the Books Entity

The Books entity describes each book in the library. Create the Books entity as follows:

1. In the main area (right side) of the Data Modeler window, click the Logical tab.
2. Click the New Entity icon.
3. Click in the logical model pane in the main area; and in the Logical pane press, diagonally drag, and release the mouse button to draw an entity box. The Entity Properties dialog box is displayed.
4. Click General on the left, and specify as follows:

   Name: Books

5. Click Attributes on the left, and use the Add (+) icon to add the following attributes, one at a time. (For datatypes, select from the Domain types except for Rating, which is a Logical type.)

   Name | Datatype | Other Information and Notes
   --- | --- | ---
   book_id | Domain: Book Id | Primary UID (unique identifier). (The Dewey code or other book identifier.)
   title | Domain: Title | M (mandatory, that is, must not be null).
   author_last_name | Domain: Person Name | M (mandatory, that is, must not be null).
   author_first_name | Domain: Person Name | (Author's first name; not mandatory, but enter it if the author has a first name.)
   rating | Logical type: NUMERIC (Precision=2, Scale= 0) | (Librarian's personal rating of the book, from 1 (poor) to 10 (great).)

6. Click OK to finish creating the Books entity.
7. Go to Creating the Patrons Entity.

### 2.1.3 Creating the Patrons Entity

The Patrons entity describes each library patron (that is, each person who has a library card and is thus able to borrow books). Create the Patrons entity as follows:

1. In the main area (right side) of the Data Modeler window, click the Logical tab.
2. Click the New Entity icon.
3. Click in the logical model pane in the main area; and in the Logical pane press, diagonally drag, and release the mouse button to draw an entity box. (Suggestion: draw the box to the right of the Books box.) The Entity Properties dialog box is displayed.
4. Click General on the left, and specify as follows:

   Name: Patrons

5. Click Attributes on the left, and use the Add (+) icon to add the following attributes, one at a time. (For datatypes, select from the Domain types, except for location, which uses the structured type SDO_GEOMETRY.)

   Attribute Name | Type | Other Information and Notes
   --- | --- | ---
   patron_id | Domain: Numeric Id | Primary UID (unique identifier). (Unique patron ID number, also called the library card number.)
   last_name | Domain: Person Name | M (mandatory, that is, must not be null). 25 characters maximum.
   first_name | Domain: Person Name | (Patron's first name.)
   street_address | Domain: Address Line | (Patron's street address.)
   city | Domain: City | (City or town where the patron lives.)
   state | Domain: State | (2-letter code for the state where the patron lives.)
   zip | Domain: Zip | (Postal code where the patron lives.)
   location | Structured type: SDO_GEOMETRY | Oracle Spatial and Graph geometry object representing the patron's geocoded address.

6. Click OK to finish creating the Patrons entity.
7. Go to Creating the Transactions Entity.

### 2.1.4 Creating the Transactions Entity

The Transactions entity describes each transaction that involves a patron and a book, such as someone checking out or returning a book. Each record is a single transaction, regardless of how many books the patron brings to the library desk. For example, a patron returning two books and checking out three books causes five transactions to be recorded (two returns and three checkouts). Create the Transactions entity as follows:

1. In the main area (right side) of the Data Modeler window, click the Logical tab.
2. Click the New Entity icon.
3. Click in the logical model pane in the main area; and in the Logical pane press, diagonally drag, and release the mouse button to draw an entity box. (Suggestion: Draw the box below and centered between the Books and Patrons boxes.) The Entity Properties dialog box is displayed.
4. Click General on the left, and specify as follows:

   Name: Transactions

5. Click Attributes on the left, and use the Add (+) icon to add the following attributes, one at a time. (For datatypes, select from the Domain types, except for transaction_date, which uses a Logical type.)

   Attribute Name | Type | Other Information and Notes
   --- | --- | ---
   transaction_id | Domain: Numeric Id | Primary UID (unique identifier). (Unique transaction ID number)
   transaction_date | Logical type: Datetime | M (mandatory, that is, must not be null). Date and time of the transaction.
   transaction_type | Domain: Numeric Id | M (mandatory, that is, must not be null). (Numeric code indicating the type of transaction, such as 1 for checking out a book.)

   Note that you do not explicitly define the patron_id and book_id attributes, because these will be automatically added to the Transactions entity after you create relations between the entities (see Creating Relations Between Entities); they will be added as foreign keys when you generate the relational model (see Develop the Relational Model).

6. Click OK to finish creating the Transactions entity.
7. Go to Creating Relations Between Entities.

### 2.1.5 Creating Relations Between Entities

Relations show the relationships between entities: one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. The following relationships exist between the entities:

- Books and Transactions: one-to-many. Each book can be involved in multiple sequential transactions. Each book can have zero or one active checkout transactions; a book that is checked out cannot be checked out again until after it has been returned.

- Patrons and Transactions: one-to-many. Each patron can be involved in multiple sequential and simultaneous transactions. Each patron can check out one or many books in a visit to the library, and can have multiple active checkout transactions reflecting several visits; each patron can also return checked out books at any time.

Create the relationships as follows. When you are done, the logical model pane in the main area should look like the following figure. Note that for this figure, Bachman notation is used (you can change to Barker by clicking View, then Logical Diagram Notation, then Barker Notation).

Description of the illustration GUID-349DC5A4-229D-454B-ADAD-56CACDE02263-default.gif

1. In the logical model pane in the main area, arrange the entity boxes as follows: Books on the left, Patrons on the right, and Transactions either between Books and Patrons or under them and in the middle. (If the pointer is still cross-hairs, click the Select icon at the top left to change the pointer to an arrow.)

   Suggestion: Turn off auto line routing for this exercise: right-click in the Logical pane, and ensure that Auto Route is not checked.

2. Click the New 1:N Relation icon.

3. Click first in the Books box, then in the Transactions box. A line with an arrowhead is drawn from Books to Transactions.

4. Click the New 1:N Relation icon.

5. Click first in the Patrons box, then in the Transactions box. A line with an arrowhead is drawn from Patrons to Transactions.

6. Optionally, double-click a line (or right-click a line and select Properties) and view the Relation Properties information.

7. Go to Develop the Relational Model.

Related Topics

Data Modeler Tutorial: Modeling for a Small Database

Data Modeler User Interface

## 2.2 Develop the Relational Model

The relational model for the library tutorial database consists of tables that reflect the entities of the logical model (Books, Patrons, and Transactions) and all attributes of each entity. In the simplified data model for this tutorial, a single relational model reflects the entire logical model; however, for other data models you can create one or more relational models, each reflecting all or a subset of the logical model. (To have a relational model reflect a subset of the logical model, use the "filter" feature in the dialog box for engineering a relational model.)

Develop the relational model as follows:

1. With the logical model selected, click the Engineer to Relational Model icon, or right-click the logical model in the navigator, then select Engineer to Relational Model. The Engineering dialog box is displayed.

2. Accept all defaults (do not filter), and click Engineer. This causes the Relational_1 model to be populated with tables and other objects that reflect the logical model.

3. Expand the Relational Models node in the object browser on the left side of the window, and expand Relational_1 and optionally nodes under it that contain any entries (such as Tables and Columns), to view the objects created.

4. Change the name of the relational model from Relational_1 to something more meaningful for diagram displays, such as Library (relational). Specifically, right-click Relational_1 in the hierarchy display, select Properties, in the General pane of the Model Properties - <name> (Relational) dialog box specify Name as `Library (relational)`, and click OK.

5. Go to Generate DDL.

Related Topics

Data Modeler Tutorial: Modeling for a Small Database

Data Modeler User Interface

## 2.3 Generate DDL

Generate Data Definition Language (DDL) statements that you can use to create database objects that reflect the models that you have designed. The DDL statements will implement the physical model (type of database, such as Oracle Database 11g) that you specify.

Develop the physical model as follows:

1. Optionally, view the physical model before you generate DDL statements:

   1. With the relational model selected and expanded, right-click the Physical Models node and select New. A dialog box is displayed for selecting the type of database for which to create the physical model.

   2. Specify the type of database (for example, Oracle Database 11g), and click OK. A physical model reflecting the type of database is created under the Physical Models node.

   3. Expand the Physical Models node under the Library relational model, and expand the newly created physical model and the Tables node under it, to view the table objects that were created.

2. Click File, then Export, then DDL File.

3. Select the database type (for example, Oracle Database 11g) and click Generate. The DDL Generation Options dialog box is displayed.

4. Accept all defaults, and click OK. A DDL file editor is displayed, with SQL statements to create the tables and add constraints. (Although you can edit statements in this window, do not edit any statements for this tutorial exercise.)

5. Click Save to save the statements to a .sql script file (for example, `create_library_objects.sql`) on your local system.

   Later, run the script (for example, using a database connection and SQL Worksheet in SQL Developer) to create the objects in the desired database.

6. Click Close to close the DDL file editor.

7. Go to Save the Design.

Related Topics

Data Modeler Tutorial: Modeling for a Small Database

Data Modeler User Interface

## 2.4 Save the Design

Save the design by clicking File, then Save. Specify the location and name for the XML file to contain the basic structural information (for example, `library_design.xml`). A directory or folder structure will also be created automatically to hold the detailed information about the design, as explained in Database Design.

Continue creating and modifying design objects, if you wish. When you are finished, save the design again if you have made any changes, then exit Data Modeler by clicking File, then Exit.

You can later open the saved design and continue working on it, as explained in Saving, Opening, Exporting, and Importing Designs.

Related Topics

Saving, Opening, Exporting, and Importing Designs

Data Modeler Tutorial: Modeling for a Small Database

Data Modeler User Interface