Oracle Internet Directory Administrator's Guide Release 2.1.1 Part Number A86101-01 |
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# 14
Capacity Planning

Capacity planning is the process of assessing applications' directory access requirements and ensuring that the Oracle Internet Directory has adequate computer resources to service requests at an acceptable rate. This chapter explains what you need to consider when doing capacity planning. It guides you through an example of a directory deployment for an email messaging application in a hypothetical company called Acme Corporation

This chapter contains these topics:

- About Capacity Planning

- Getting to Know Directory Usage Patterns: A Case Study

- I/O Subsystem Requirements

- Memory Requirements

- Network Requirements

- CPU Requirements

- Summary of Capacity Plan for Acme Corporation

## About Capacity Planning

If Oracle Internet Directory and the corresponding Oracle8i database are running on the same computer, then these are the configurable resources that capacity planners need to consider:

- I/O subsystem (the type and size)

- Memory

- Network connectivity

- CPUs (speed and quantity)

When you plan to acquire hardware for Oracle Internet Directory, you should ensure that all components--such as CPU, memory, and I/O--are effectively used. Generally, good memory usage and a robust I/O subsystem are sufficient to keep the CPU busy.

Any new installation of the Oracle Internet Directory needs two things to be successful:

- Adequate hardware resources so that the installed system can satisfy user demands at peak load rates

- A well tuned system--hardware and software--that makes the best use of available resources, one that squeezes the maximum performance out of available hardware

We begin by looking at an example of a directory deployment for an email messaging application in a hypothetical company called Acme Corporation. As we examine each component of the capacity plan, we will apply our recommendations to the example of Acme Corporation.

#### Terms Used Throughout This Chapter

Throughput | The overall rate at which directory operations are being completed by Oracle Internet Directory. This is typically represented as "operations per second."
Latency | The time a client has to wait for a given directory operation to complete
Concurrent clients | The total number of clients that have established a session with Oracle Internet Directory
Concurrent operations | The amount of concurrent operations that are being executed on the directory from all of the concurrent clients. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the concurrent clients because some of the clients may be keeping their sessions idle.

## Getting to Know Directory Usage Patterns: A Case Study

The ability to assess the potential load on Oracle Internet Directory is very important for developing an accurate capacity plan. Let us examine the email messaging software employed by our hypothetical company, Acme Corporation. The email messaging software in this example is based on Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). There are two main types of software that access Oracle Internet Directory:

- The IMAP clients, which will validate email addresses within the company before sending the mail to the IMAP server. These clients include software programs like Netscape Messenger and Microsoft Outlook.

- The messaging software itself, also called the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), which will look up the directory to route mail from the outside world to internal mailboxes as well as route internal mails to company-wide distribution lists.

Let us assume that the private aliases and private distribution lists of individual users are also stored in the directory. Let us further make the following assumptions, which will allow us to guess the size of the directory:

Total user population | 40,000
Average number of private aliases per person | 10
Average number of private distribution lists per person | 10
Total number of public distribution lists | 4000
Total number of public aliases in the company | 1000
Number of attributes in each entry in the directory related to this application | 20
Number of cataloged attributes | 10

Based on the above assumptions, we can derive the overall count of entries in Oracle Internet Directory as:

User entries | 40,000 (these represent the users themselves)
Private aliases of users | 40,000 x 10 = 400,000 entries
Private distribution lists of users | 40,000 x 10 = 400,000 entries
Company wide distribution lists | 4000
Company wide aliases | 1000

The above assumptions will yield a directory population of about one million entries. Given the user population and the directory population, let us then analyze usage patterns so that we can derive performance requirements from them. A typical user tends to send an average of 10 emails per day and receives an average of 10 emails a day from the outside world. Assuming that there are, on an average, five recipients for each email being sent by a user, this would result in five directory lookups for each email.

The following table summarizes all the possible directory lookups that can happen in one day:

Type of Directory Lookup | Number of Directory Lookups In One Day
--- | ---
The Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) processing outbound mail from each user | 5x10x40,000 = 2,000,000
The MTA processing mails from the outside world | 10x40,000 = 400,000
All other directory lookups (like IMAP clients validating certain addresses etc.) | 800,000

Summing up, the total number of directory lookups per day would be about 3,200,000 (3.2 million) directory lookups per day. If these directory lookups were spread out uniformly along the day, it would require about 37 directory lookups per second (133,333 lookups per hour). Unfortunately, we will never have this case. Usage analysis of the current email system over a period of 24 hours shows the pattern illustrated in Figure 14-1.

#### Figure 14-1 Usage Analysis of Current Email System

Text description of the illustration oid81016.gif

The email system (and Oracle Internet Directory) is stressed at its peak in the mornings. There are other usage peaks as well--one close to lunch time, and one near the end of business day. However, it is in the mornings that the Oracle Internet Directory is stressed the most.

Let us assume that 90 percent of all the directory lookups happen during normal working hours. Let us now split up the working hour load into the following categories (assuming an 8 hour workday):

Morning load | 65%: 0.90 x 0.65 x 3,200,000 = 1,872,000 lookups for 2 hours (936,000 lookups per hour)
Afternoon load | 10%: 0.90 x 0.10 x 3,200,000 = 288,000 lookups for 1 hour (288,000 lookups per hour)
Evening load | 20%: 0.90 x 0.20 x 3,200,000 = 576,000 lookups for 2 hours (288,000 lookups per hour)

The above calculations indicate that the Oracle Internet Directory in this case should be designed to handle the peak load of 936,000 lookups per hour.

Now that we know the data-set size as well as the performance requirements, we can now look into individual components of the installation and estimate good values for each.

## I/O Subsystem Requirements

This section contains these topics:

- About the I/O Subsystem

- Rough Estimates of Disk Space Requirements

- Detailed Calculations of Disk Space Requirements

### About the I/O Subsystem

The I/O subsystem can be compared to a pump that pumps data to the CPUs to enable them to execute workloads. The I/O subsystem is also responsible for data storage. The main components of an I/O subsystem are arrays of disk drives controlled by disk controllers.

It is important to consider performance requirements when you size the I/O subsystem, rather than size based only on storage requirements. Although disk drives have increased in size, the throughput--that is, the rate at which the disk drive pumps data--has not increased in proportion. In sizing calculations for the I/O subsystem, you should use the following factors as input:

- The size of the database

- The number of CPUs on the system

- An initial estimation of the workload on the Oracle Internet Directory

- The rate at which the disk can pump data

- Space needed to stage data prior to load

- Space needed for index creation and sort activities

Given a range of I/O subsystems, you should always opt for the highest throughput drives. Typically, one can maximize the I/O throughput by one or more of the following techniques:

- Striping logical volumes so that the I/O operations use multiple disk spindles

- Putting different tablespaces in different logical and physical disk volumes

- Distributing the disk volumes on multiple I/O controllers

Some guidelines for organizing Oracle Internet Directory-specific data files are provided in Chapter 15, "Tuning". Depending on the tolerance of disk failures, different levels of Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) can also be considered.

Assuming that the decision has been made to get the best possible I/O subsystem, we focus the next section on deriving sizing estimates for the disks themselves.

### Rough Estimates of Disk Space Requirements

You can use the following table to derive a rough estimate of the overall disk requirement:

Number of Entries in DIT | Disk Requirements
--- | ---
100,000 | 450MB to 650MB
200,000 | 850MB to 1.5GB
500,000 | 2.5GB to 3.5GB
1,000,000 | 4.5GB to 6.5GB
1,500,000 | 6.5GB to 10GB
2,000,000 | 9GB to 13GB

The data shown in the previous table makes the following assumptions:

- There are about 20 cataloged attributes.

- There are about 25 attributes per entry.

- The average size of an attribute is about 30 bytes.

Going back to our example of Acme Corporation, since our directory population is about one million, this would imply that our disk requirements are approximately 4.5 GB to 6.5 GB. Note that the assumptions made for Acme Corporation regarding the number of cataloged attributes are different, but the previous table should give an approximate figure of the size requirements.

Since the directory may be deployed for a wide variety of applications, these assumptions need not necessarily hold true for all possible situations: There might be cases where the size of attributes is large, the number of attributes per entry is large, extensive use of ACIs has been made, or the number of cataloged attributes is very high. For such cases, we present simple arithmetic procedures in the following section which will allow the planners to get a more detailed perspective of their disk requirements.

### Detailed Calculations of Disk Space Requirements

Because Oracle Internet Directory stores all of its data in an Oracle8i database, the sizing for disk space is primarily a sizing of the underlying database. Oracle Internet Directory stores its data in the following tablespaces:

OLTS_ATTR_STORE | Stores all of the attributes for all entries in the DIT
OLTS_IND_ATTRSTORE | Stores the indices pertaining to attributes in the directory
OLTS_CT_DN | Stores the distinguished name catalog
OLTS_IND_CT_DN | Stores the indices pertaining to the DN catalog
OLTS_CT_CN | Stores the common name catalog
OLTS_CT_OBJCL | Stores the ObjectClass catalog
OLTS_CT_STORE | Stores all the remaining (including user-defined) catalogs
OLTS_IND_CT_STORE | Stores the indices pertaining to the user-defined catalogs
OLTS_DEFAULT | Stores all of the data pertaining to the administration of the Oracle Internet Directory as well as the data used for replication support
OLTS_TEMP | Used for creating various indices on the tables. It should be large enough so that all index creations can go through.
SYSTEM | Required by Oracle8i database for various book-keeping purposes. Typically, its size remains constant at about 300MB.

This section presents simple arithmetic procedures to determine the size requirements of each of the tablespaces shown above. All of the size calculations are based on the following variables:

Variable Name | Description
--- | ---
num_entries | Total number of entries in the directory
attrs_per_entry | Average number of attributes per directory entry
avg_attr_size | Average size of the attribute in bytes
avg_dn_size | Average size of the DN of an attribute in bytes
objectclass_per_entry | Average number of object classes that an entry belongs to
objectclass_size | Average size of the name of each objectclass in bytes
num_cataloged_attrs | Number of cataloged attributes used in the entries
entries_per_catalog | Average number of entries per catalog table. This is required because not all cataloged attributes will be present in all entries in the DIT.
change_log_capacity | Number of changes that we wish to buffer for replication purposes
num_acis | Overall number of ACIs in the directory
num_auditlog_entries | Number of auditlog entries to store in the directory
db_storage_ovhd | Overhead of storing data in tables. This overhead corresponds to the relational constructs as well as operating system specific overhead. A value of 1.3 for this variable would represent a 30 percent overhead. The minimum value for this variable is 1.
db_index_ovhd | Overhead of storing data in indices. This overhead corresponds to the relational constructs as well as the operating system specific overhead. A value of 5 for this variable would represent a 400 percent overhead. The minimum value of this variable is 1.
factor_of_safety | Multiplier for accommodating growth and errors in calculations. A value of 1.3 for this variable would represent a 30 percent factor of safety. The minimum value for this variable is 1.

Using the variables shown in the preceding table, the size of individual tablespaces can be calculated as follows:

Tablespace Name | Size
--- | ---
OLTS_ATTR_STORE | num_entries * attrs_per_entry * avg_attr_size * db_storage_ovhd
OLTS_IND_ATTRSTORE | num_entries * attrs_per_entry * 30
OLTS_CT_DN | num_entries * 2 * avg_dn_size
OLTS_IND_CT_DN | num_entries * 2 * (avg_dn_size + 30)
OLTS_CT_CN | num_entries * avg_dn_size * db_storage_ovhd
OLTS_CT_OBJCL | (num_entries * objectclass_per_entry * objectclass_size *db_storage_ovhd) + (num_auditlog_entries * 2 * avg_dn_size * db_storage_ovhd)
OLTS_CT_STORE | (entries_per_catalog * num_cataloged_attrs * avg_attr_size * db_storage_ovhd) + (num_entries * objectclass_per_entry * objectclass_size * db_storage_ovhd)
OLTS_IND_CT_STORE | (entries_per_catalog * num_cataloged_attrs * avg_attr_size * db_index_ovhd) + (num_entries * objectclass_per_entry * objectclass_size * db_index_ovhd) + (num_acis * 1.5 * avg_dn_size * db_index_ovhd) + (num_auditlog_entries * 2 * avg_dn_size * db_index_ovhd)
OLTS_DEFAULT | (change_log_capacity * 4 * avg_attr_size * db_storage_ovhd * db_index_ovhd) + (num_entries * 5)
OLTS_TEMP | (size of OLTS_IND_ATTR_STORE) + (size of OLTS_IND_CT_STORE)
SYSTEM | 300 MB

Using the arithmetic operations shown in the preceding table, one can compute the exact space requirements for a wide variety of Oracle Internet Directory deployment scenarios. The sum of the sizes of each of the tablespaces should yield the overall database disk requirement. One can optionally multiply that by the "factor_of_safety" variable to get a figure that can compensate for unforeseen circumstances.

Going back to our example of Acme Corporation, we can assign values to each of the variables based on the requirements stated in previous sections. The following table illustrates the values of each variable introduced in this section for Acme Corporation.

Variable Name | Value
--- | ---
num_entries | 1,000,000
attrs_per_entry | 20
avg_attr_size | 32 bytes
avg_dn_size | 40 bytes
objectclass_per_entry | 5 (each entry belongs to an average of 5 object classes)
objectclass_size | 10 bytes
num_cataloged_attrs | 10
entries_per_catalog | 1,000,000
change_log_capacity | 80,000 changes (2 per user)
num_acis | 80,000 ACIs (2 per user)
num_auditlog_entries | 1000
db_storage_ovhd | 1.4 (40% overhead)
db_index_ovhd | 5.0 (400% overhead)
factor_of_safety | 1.5 (50% factor of safety)

If we now plug these values into the equations described earlier, we get the following values:

Tablespaces Name | Size in Bytes | Size in MB | Size in MB (with factor of safety)
--- | --- | --- | ---
OLTS_ATTRSTORE | 896000000 | 875 | 1313
OLTS_IND_ATTRSTORE | 600000000 | 586 | 879
OLTS_CT_DN | 80000000 | 78 | 117
OLTS_IND_CT_DN | 140000000 | 137 | 205
OLTS_CT_CN | 56000000 | 55 | 82
OLTS_CT_OBJCL | 70112000 | 68 | 103
OLTS_CT_STORE | 518000000 | 506 | 759
OLTS_IND_CT_STORE | 1874400000 | 1830 | 2746
OLTS_DEFAULT | 76680000 | 75 | 112
OLTS_TEMP | 2474400000 | 2416 | 3625
SYSTEM | 307200000 | 300 | 450
Total Size | 7092792000 | 6927 | 10390

The table above shows that the estimated size of the database for Acme Corporation would be about 6.9 GB. With a 50 percent factor of safety, this would jump to 10.4GB. If all of the data is being loaded in bulk, then the bulkload tool of Oracle Internet Directory would require an additional 50 percent of space occupied by the database to store its temporary files. For Acme Corporation, this would add about 2.25 GB to 3.35 GB to the total space requirement.

## Memory Requirements

Memory is used for a number of distinct tasks by any database application, including Oracle Internet Directory. If memory resources are insufficient for any of these tasks, the bottleneck causes the CPUs to work at lower efficiency and system performance to drop. Furthermore, memory usage increases in proportion to the number of concurrent connections to the database and the number of concurrent users of the directory.

The memory available to processes comes from the virtual memory on the system, which is somewhat more than available physical memory. If the sum of all active memory usage exceeds the available physical memory on the system, the operating system may need to store some of the memory pages on disk. This is called paging. Paging can degrade performance if memory is too oversubscribed. Generally, you should not exceed 20 percent over-subscription of physical memory. If paging occurs, you need either to scale back memory usage by processes or to add more physical memory. Keep in mind the trade-offs: There are physical limits to the amount of memory you can add, but scaling back on per-process memory usage can significantly degrade performance.

The main consumer of memory is the database buffer cache within the System Global Area (SGA). The more memory allocated to this, the better will be the buffer cache hit ratio. A good buffer cache hit ratio will result in good database performance which in turn will result in good performance of the Oracle Internet Directory.

See Also: Chapter 15, "Tuning" for further information on SGA tuning

The following table gives minimum memory requirements for different directory configurations:

Directory Type | Entry Count | Minimum Memory
--- | --- | ---
Small | Less than 600,000 | 512 MB
Medium | 600,000 to 2,000,000 | 1 GB
Large | Greater than 2,000,000 | 2 GB

Going back to our example of Acme Corporation, the number of entries in the directory are close to 1,000,000 (1 million). Oracle Corporation recommends choosing the 2 GB option in order to maximize performance.

## Network Requirements

The network is rarely a bottleneck in most installations. However serious consideration must be given to it during the capacity planning stage. If the clients do not get adequate network bandwidth to send and receive messages from Oracle Internet Directory, the overall throughput will seem to be very low. For example, if we have configured Oracle Internet Directory to service 800 search operations per second, but the computer running the Oracle directory server is only accessible through a 10 Mbps network (10-Base-T switched ethernet), and we have only 60 percent of the bandwidth available, then the clients will only see a throughput of 600 search operations a second (assuming each search operation causes 1024 bytes to be transferred on the network). The following table shows the maximum possible throughput (in operations per second) for two types of operations (one requiring a transfer of 1024 bytes the other requiring a transfer of 2048 bytes) for two types of networks, 10 Mbps & 100 Mbps, at different rates of bandwidth availability:

In some cases, it may also be important to consider the network latency of sending a message from a client to the Oracle directory server. In some WAN implementations, the network latencies may become as high as 500 milliseconds, which may cause the clients to time out for certain operations. In summary, given a range of networking options, the preferred choice should always be for highest bandwidth, lowest latency network.

Going back to the example of Acme Corporation, their peak usage rate is 936,000 lookups per hour which results in an equivalent number of lookup operations to the directory. This requires about 260 directory operations per second. Assuming that each operation results in a transfer of 2 KB of data on the network, this would imply that we should have a 100 Mbps network or at least 60 percent bandwidth available on a 10 Mbps network. Since the 100 Mbps network will typically have a lower latency, we will chose that over the 10 Mbps network.

## CPU Requirements

This section contains these topics:

- CPU Configuration

- Rough Estimates of CPU Requirements

- Detailed Calculations of CPU Requirements

### CPU Configuration

The CPU sizing for Oracle Internet Directory is directly a function of the user workload. The following factors will determine CPU configuration:

- The number of concurrent operations you want to support. This will be directly dependent on the number of users performing operations simultaneously.

- The acceptable latency of each operation. For example, in an email application, a latency per operation of 100 milliseconds might be desirable, but in most cases a latency of 500 milliseconds might still be acceptable.

CPU resources can be added to a system as the workload increases, but these additions seldom bring linear scalability to all operations since a lot of operations are not purely CPU bound. We classify the processing power of a computer by a performance characteristic that is commonly available from all vendors, namely, SPECint_rate95 baseline. This number is derived from a set of integer tests and is available from all system vendors as well as the SPEC web site (`www.spec.org`).

Note: SPECint_rate95 should not be confused with the regular SPECint95 performance number. The SPECint95 performance number gives an idea of the integer processing power of a particular CPU (for systems with multiple CPUs, this number is typically normalized). The SPECint_rate95 gives the integer processing power of an entire system without any normalization.

Because Oracle Internet Directory makes efficient use of multiple CPUs on an SMP computer, we chose to categorize computers based on their SPECint_rate95 numbers. Even within SPECint_rate95 we chose the baseline number as opposed to the commonly advertised result. This is because the commonly advertised result is actually the peak performance of a computer, whereas the baseline number represents the performance in normal circumstances.

### Rough Estimates of CPU Requirements

Since Oracle Internet Directory is typically co-resident with the Oracle8i database, we recommend at least a two-CPU system. We give the following rough estimates based on the level of usage of Oracle Internet Directory:

Usage | Num CPUs | SPECint_rate95 baseline | System
--- | --- | --- | ---
Departmental | 2 | 60 to 200 | Compaq AlphaServer 8400 5/300 (300Mhz x 2)
Organization wide | 4 | 200 to 350 | IBM RS/6000 J50 (200MHz x 4)
Enterprise wide | 4+ | 350+ | Sun Ultra 450 (296 MHz x 4)

### Detailed Calculations of CPU Requirements

It is difficult to determine the CPU requirements for all operations at a given deployment site since the amount of CPU consumed depends upon several factors, such as:

- The type operation: base search, subtree search, modify, add etc.

- If SSL mode is enabled or not. SSL consumes an additional 15 to 20 percent of CPU resources.

- The number of entries returned for a search

- The number of access control policies that need to be checked as part of a search

In most of the cases, except SSL, we can expect that there is a large latency between the Oracle Internet Directory server process and the database. When a thread in the Oracle Internet Directory server process is waiting for the database to respond, other threads within the Oracle Internet Directory server process can be put to work by other client requests needing LDAP server specific processing. As a result, for any mix of operations, one can always come up with a combination of concurrent clients and Oracle Internet Directory server processes that will result in 100 percent CPU utilization. In this case, the CPU becomes the bottleneck.

Given this fact, we have taken the operation that consumes the smallest number of CPU cycles: a base search and estimated the number of concurrent operations at which we peaked on CPU usage on various computers. We then correlated this to SPECint_rate95 baseline number of the computers. With this correlation, given a certain amount of concurrency on the user load, one can find a lower bound on the processing power required by Oracle Internet Directory. The following formula gives the concurrency to SPECint_rate95 baseline number for this release of Oracle Internet Directory:

    SPECint_rate95 baseline = 6.0 * (concurrent base search operations)

For example, if we need a computer that is capable of handling 50 concurrent base search operations before saturating the CPU, we would require a computer that has a SPECint_rate95 baseline rating of about 300.

Taking this number as the baseline, we can find the CPU requirements of other operations if we express them as some factor of the base search operations. The following factors may be used in addition to others:

- If using SSL mode, multiply CPU requirements by a factor of 1.2.

- If one is fetching a lot of entries in each search, multiply CPU requirements by a factor of (1 + 0.2* num_entries_per_search).

- Incorporate a factor of safety of 20 percent to 30 percent (multiply by 1.2 to 1.3).

Going back to our example of Acme Corporation, let us assume that we want adequate CPU resources to support about 100 concurrent operations. Assuming that each search returns 1.5 entries, and adding a factor of safety of 20 percent, our preliminary estimate of the CPU requirements would be:

    SPECint_rate95 baseline=6.0*100*(1 + 0.2*1.5)*1.2 = 600*1.3*1.2 = 936

Looking at the available systems from the SPEC web site (`www.spec.org`) we can see that the following computer configurations would be the smallest configurations that should be considered.

The next table shows some of the computers that Acme Corporation can consider using for Oracle Internet Directory.

Company | Model | CPUs | CPU type | SPECint95_rate baseline
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Sun Microsystems | ES 4002 | 12 | 250MHz UltraSPARC II | 943
Siemens Nixdorf | RM600 Model E60 | 8 | 250 MHz R10000 | 970
Hewlett-Packard | HP SPP1600 | 32 | 120 MHz PA-RISC 7200 | 996
SGI | Origin2000 | 8 | 250 MHz MIPS R10000 | 1001
Data General Corporation | AViiON AV 20000 | 16 | Pentium Pro (200 MHz) | 1007
Sun Microsystems | Sun Enterprise 3500 | 8 | 400MHz UltraSPARC II | 1011
Sun Microsystems | Sun Enterprise 3500 | 8 | 400MHz UltraSPARC II | 1030
Hewlett-Packard | HP 9000 Model N4000 | 4 | 440 MHz PA-RISC 8500 | 1093
Hewlett-Packard | HP 9000 Model T600 | 12 | 180MHz PA-RISC 8000 | 1099
Siemens AG | RM600 Model E80 | 8 | 285 MHz R12000 | 1103
Compaq Corporation | AlphaServer 8400 5/440 | 12 | 437 MHz 21164 | 1146
Compaq Corporation | AlphaServer 8400 5/625 | 8 | 612 MHz 21164 | 1153
SGI | origin2000 | 16 | 195 MHz MIPS R10000 | 1182
Sun Microsystems | Sun Enterprise 4000 | 12 | 336MHz UltraSPARC II | 1211

## Summary of Capacity Plan for Acme Corporation

In the preceding sections, we have described various components involved in capacity planning and have also shown how each of them would apply to an Oracle Internet Directory deployment at a hypothetical company named Acme Corporation. In this section we give a quick summary of all of the recommendations made. Following were the initial assumptions:

- Overall directory size: 3,200,000 entries (3.2 million)

- Number of users: 40,000

- Type of application: IMAP messaging

- Peak search rate: 260 searches/sec

- Concurrent usage rate for best CPU utilization: 100

Based on the above requirements and further assumptions, we developed the following recommendations:

- Disk space: 7 GB to 11 GB

- Memory: 2 GB

- Network: 100 Base-T

- CPU: something that has a SPECint_rate95 of at least 936.

Several simplifying assumptions were made so that the sizing calculations could be more intuitive.

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