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System Administration Guide: Printing     Oracle Solaris 11 Express 11/10
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Document Information

Preface

1.  Introduction to Printing in the Oracle Solaris Operating System

2.  Planning for Printing (Tasks)

3.  Setting Up and Administering Printers by Using CUPS (Tasks)

4.  Setting Up and Administering Printers by Using Print Manager for LP (Tasks)

5.  Setting Up and Administering Printers by Using Oracle Solaris Print Manager (Tasks)

6.  Setting Up Printers by Using LP Print Commands (Tasks)

7.  Administering Printers by Using LP Print Commands (Tasks)

8.  Customizing LP Printing Services and Printers (Tasks)

9.  Administering the LP Print Scheduler and Managing Print Requests (Tasks)

10.  Administering Printers on a Network (Tasks)

11.  Administering Character Sets, Filters, Forms, and Fonts (Tasks)

12.  Administering Printers by Using the PPD File Management Utility (Tasks)

13.  Printing in the Oracle Solaris Operating System (Reference)

Oracle Solaris Print Manager

Oracle Solaris Print Manager and Special Characters

Printer Definitions

Printer Name

Printer Server

Printer Description

Printer Port

Printer Type

File Content Type

Printer Make

Printer Model

Printer Driver

Printer Destination

Network Protocol

Fault Notification

Default Printer

Banner Page

User Access List

Printer Class

Fault Recovery

LP Print Service

LP Print Service Commands

Functions of the LP Print Service

Daemons and LP Internal Files

LP Print Service Directories

LP Print Service Configuration Files

The terminfo Database

Printer Names in the terminfo Database

Required terminfo Items For a Printer

LP Print Service Log Files

Print Queue Logs

History Log Files

Spooling Directories

Filtering Print Files

How the Printer Interface Program Works

Support for the Use of PPD Files To Set Up Printers

Raster Image Processor Support

Support for PostScript Printer Description Files

Where to Find Information About Supported Printers and Available PPD Files

PPD File Management Utility

PPD File Repositories

PPD File Labels

Description of the Printer Driver Field in Oracle Solaris Print Manager

Manufacturer Aliases File

PPD File Caches

Description of the Command-Line Options for the ppdmgr Utility

How the PAPI Is Implemented in the Oracle Solaris OS

Modified Print Commands

14.  Troubleshooting Printing Problems in the Oracle Solaris OS (Tasks)

Glossary

Index

LP Print Service

This section describes the directory structure, files, and logs of the LP print service.

LP Print Service Commands


Note - The LP Print Service client commands have been modified to be a consumer of the FSG OpenPrinting Open Standard Print API (PAPI). These print commands are layered on top of the PAPI. See How the PAPI Is Implemented in the Oracle Solaris OS for more information.


The following table lists frequently used LP print service commands.

Table 13-2 LP Print Service Commands

Command
Task
Man Page
enable
Activate a printer
cancel
Cancel a print request
lp
Send one or more file or files to a printer
lpstat
Report the status of the LP print service
disable
Deactivate on or more printers
accept
Permit print requests to be queued for a specific destination
reject
Prevent print requests from being queued for a specific destination
lpadmin
Set up or change a printer configuration
lpfilter
Set up or change filter definitions
lpforms
Set up or change preprinted forms
lpadmin
Mount a form
lpmove
Move output requests from one destination to another destination
lpsched
Start the LP print service scheduler
lpshut
Stop the LP print service scheduler
lpusers
Set or change the default priority and priority limits that can be requested of the LP print service by users

For information about print commands that have been modified for use with the PAPI, see How the PAPI Is Implemented in the Oracle Solaris OS.

Functions of the LP Print Service

The LP print service performs the following functions:

Daemons and LP Internal Files

The /usr/lib/lp directory contains daemons and files used by the LP print service, as described in the following table.

Table 13-3 Contents of the /usr/lib/lp Directory

File
Type
Description
bin
Directory
Contains files for generating printing alerts, slow filters, and queue management programs.
model
Directory
Contains the standard printer interface program.
postscript
Directory
Contains all PostScript filter programs provided by the LP print service. These filters come with descriptor files in the /etc/lp/fd directory. These files tell the LP print service the characteristics of the filters and where to locate them.

LP Print Service Directories

The files of the LP print service are distributed among the directories that are shown in the following table.

Table 13-4 Directories for the LP Print Service

Directory
Contents
/usr/bin
The LP print service user commands.
/etc/lp
A hierarchy of LP server configuration files.
/usr/share/lib
The terminfo database directory.
/usr/lib/print
The lp conversion scripts, in.lpd daemon, and the printd daemon. The printd daemon transfers all pending jobs in the/var/spool/print directory once per minute. When no jobs are remaining to transfer, the printd daemon exits.
/usr/sbin
The LP print service administrative commands.
/usr/lib/lp
The lpsched program, binary files, PostScript filters, and the model directory, which contains the standard printer interface program.
/var/lp/logs
LP log files such as lpsched.n (which includes messages from lpsched) and requests.n (which includes information about completed print requests).
/var/spool/lp
The spooling directory where files are queued for printing.
/var/spool/print
The staging area for LP print service client-side requests.
/etc/lp/model/uri
The location of the interface script that process device-uri information.

LP Print Service Configuration Files

The lpsched daemon stores configuration information in the /etc/lp directory, as described in the following table.


Caution

Caution - The configuration files listed in this table are private interfaces. These files are subject to change in future releases. You should not build software that relies on these files being in their current locations or that relies on the data being in the format currently used.


Table 13-5 Contents of the /etc/lp Directory

File
Type
Description
classes
Directory
Files identifying classes provided by the lpadmin -c command.
fd
Directory
Description of existing filters.
filter.table
File
Print filter look-up table.
forms
Directory
Location to put files for each form. Initially, this directory is empty.
interfaces
Directory
Printer interface program files.
logs
Link to /var/lp/logs
Log files of printing activities.
model
Link to /usr/lib/lp/model
The standard printer interface program.
printers
Directory
Directories for each local printer. Each directory contains configuration information and alert files for an individual printer.
pwheels
Directory
Print wheel files or cartridge files.
ppd
Directory
Each local queue that is configured with a PPD file has a copy of the PPD file placed here.

These configuration files serve a function similar to the /etc/printcap file on LPD-based print servers.


Note - You can check the contents of the configuration files, but you should not edit these files directly. Instead, use the lpadmin command to make configuration changes. Your changes are written to the configuration files in the /etc/lp directory. The lpsched daemon administers and updates the configuration files.


The /etc/lp/printers directory has a subdirectory for each local printer that is known to the system. The following example shows the /etc/lp/printers subdirectories of printers sparc1 and luna.

$ ls -l /etc/lp/printers
drwxrwxr-x 2 lp lp 512 Jan 23 23:53 luna
drwxrwxr-x 2 lp lp 512 Jan 11 17:50 sparc1

The following table describes the files within each printer-specific directory.

File Name
Description
alert.sh
Shell to execute in response to alerts
alert.vars
Alert variables
configuration
Configuration file
users.deny
List of users to whom printer access is denied
comment
Printer description

The configuration file for the printer luna, /etc/lp/printers/luna/configuration, would typically appear as follows:

Banner: on: Always
Content types: PS
Device: /dev/term/b
Interface: /usr/lib/lp/model/standard
Printer type: PS
Modules: default

The terminfo Database

The /usr/share/lib directory contains the terminfo database directory. This directory contains definitions for many types of terminals and printers. The LP print service uses information in the terminfo database to perform the following tasks:

Each printer is identified in the terminfo database with a short name. If necessary, you can add entries to the terminfo database, but doing so is tedious and time-consuming. For more information, see Adding a terminfo Entry for an Unsupported Printer.

Printer Names in the terminfo Database

Information about each printer type is stored in the terminfo database (/usr/share/lib/terminfo). This information includes the printer capabilities and initialization control data. The printer you install must correspond to an entry in the terminfo database.

$ pwd
/usr/share/lib/terminfo
$ ls
1  3  5  7  9  B  H  P  a  c  e  g  i  k  m  o  q  s  u  w  y
2  4  6  8  A  G  M  S  b  d  f  h  j  l  n  p  r  t  v  x  z
$ 

Each subdirectory contains compiled database entries for terminals or printers. The entries are organized by the first letter of the printer or terminal type. For example, if you have an Epson printer, look in the /usr/share/lib/terminfo/e directory to find your particular model of Epson printer.

$ cd /usr/share/lib/terminfo/e
$ ls
emots           ep2500+high   ep48            ergo4000      exidy2500
env230          ep2500+low    epson2500       esprit
envision230     ep40          epson2500-80    ethernet
ep2500+basic    ep4000        epson2500-hi    ex3000
ep2500+color    ep4080        epson2500-hi80  exidy
$ 

The entries for Epson printers begin with epson.

If you have an NEC printer, look in the /usr/share/lib/terminfo/n directory for your NEC printer model.

$ cd /usr/share/lib/terminfo/n
$ ls
ncr7900        ncr7900iv      netronics      network        nuc
ncr7900-na     ncr7901        netty          netx           nucterm
ncr7900i       nec            netty-Tabs     newhp
ncr7900i-na    net            netty-vi       newhpkeyboard
$ 

The nec entry in this directory is for the NEC printer.

Required terminfo Items For a Printer

The following three tables list the terminfo items that are required for a printer.

Table 13-6 Required terminfo Items for a Printer (Booleans)

Item
Description
Booleans:
cpix
Changing character pitch changes resolution
daisy
Printer requires an operator to change character set
lpix
Changing line pitch changes resolution

Table 13-7 Required terminfo Items for a Printer (Numbers)

Item
Description
Numbers:
bufsx
Number of bytes buffered before printing
cols
Number of columns in a line
cps
Average print rate in characters per second
it
Tabs initially every n spaces
lines
Number of lines on a page
orc
Horizontal resolution, in units per character
orhi
Horizontal resolution, in units per inch
orl
Vertical resolution, in units per line
orvi
Vertical resolution, in units per inch

Table 13-8 Required terminfo Items for a Printer (Strings)

Item
Description
Strings:
chr
Changes horizontal resolution
cpi
Changes number of characters per inch
cr
Carriage return
csnm
List of character set names
cudl
Moves carriage down one line
cud
Moves carriage down n lines
cuf
Moves carriage to the right n columns
cvr
Changes vertical resolution
ff
Ejects page
hpa
Horizontal position absolute
ht
Tabs to next 8-space tab stop
if
Is the name of initialization file
iprog
Is the path name of initialization program
is1
Is a printer initialization string
is2
Is a printer initialization string
is3
Is a printer initialization string
lpi
Changes number of lines per inch
mgc
Clears all margins (top, bottom, and sides)
rep
Repeats a character n times
rwidm
Disables double-wide printing
scs
Selects character set
scsd
Starts definition of a character set
slines
Set page length to n lines per page
smgl
Sets left margin at current column
smglp
Set left margin
smgr
Sets right margin at current column
smgrp
Sets right margin
smglr
Sets both left and right margins
msgt
Sets top margin at current line
smgtp
Sets top margin
smgb
Sets bottom margin at current line
smgbp
Sets bottom margin
smgtb
Sets both top and bottom margins
swidm
Enables double-wide printing
vpa
Sets vertical position to absolute

LP Print Service Log Files

The LP print service maintains two sets of log files that are described in the following table.

Log File Name
Description
syslogd
Set lpr.debug in /etc/syslog.conf to enable LP print service logging
/var/spool/lp
A list of current requests that are in the print queue
/var/lp/logs/requests
An ongoing history of print requests

Print Queue Logs

The scheduler for each system keeps a log of print requests in the /var/spool/lp/tmp/system and /var/spool/lp/requests/system directories. Each print request has two files, one file in each directory, that contain information about the request. The information in the /var/spool/lp/requests/system directory can be accessed only by superuser or lp. The information in the /var/spool/lp/tmp/system directory can be accessed only by the user who submitted the request, superuser, or lp.

The following example shows the contents of the /var/spool/lp/tmp/starbug directory:

$ ls /var/spool/lp/tmp/starbug
5     5-0
# cat 5-0
C 1
D print1
F /etc/profile
P 20
T /etc/profile
t simple
U root
s 0000
v 2

These files remain in their directories only as long as the print request is in the queue. Once the print request is finished, the information in the files is combined and appended to the /var/lp/logs/requests file. This file is described in the next section.

Use the information in the /var/spool/lp/logs directory if you need to track the status of a print request that is currently in the queue.

History Log Files

The LP print service records a history of printing services in two log files, lpsched and requests. These log files are located in the /var/lp/logs directory. You can use the information in these log files to diagnose and troubleshoot printing problems. An example of the contents of the /var/lp/logs directory is as follows:

# cd /var/lp/logs
# ls
lpsched.1    requests    requests.2
lpsched      lpsched.2   requests.1
# 

The two most important log files for troubleshooting are the following:

The requests log file has a simple structure so that you can extract data using common UNIX shell commands. Requests are listed in the order they are printed. They are also separated by lines showing their request IDs. Each line below the separator line, the line that starts with =, is marked with a single letter that identifies the kind of information contained in that line. Each letter is separated from the data by a single space.

The following example shows the contents of a requests log file:

# pwd
/var/lp/logs
# tail requests.2
= print1-3, uid 0, gid 1, size 206662, Wed Mar 14 08:56:30 MST 2003
z print1
C 1
D print1
F /usr/dict/words
P 20
T /usr/dict/words
t simple
U root
s 0x0014
v 2
#

The following table shows the letter codes and the content of their corresponding lines in the requests log file.

Table 13-9 Codes in the requests Log File

Letter
Content of Line
=
The separator line, which contains the following items: request ID, user ID (UID), and group IDs (GIDs) of the user, the total number of bytes in the original (unfiltered) file size, and the time when the request was queued.
z
The name of the printer.
C
The number of copies printed.
D
The printer or class destination, or the word any.
F
The name of the file printed. The line is repeated for each file printed. Files were printed in the order shown.
f
(Optional) The name of the form that is used.
H
(Optional) One of three types of special handling: resume, hold, and immediate.
N
(Optional) The type of alert used when the print request was successfully completed. The type is the letter M if the user was notified by email or W if the user was notified by a message to the terminal.
O
(Optional) The printer-dependent -o options. For example, nobanner.
P
The priority of the print request.
p
The list of pages printed.
r
(Optional) A single-letter line that is included if the user asked for “raw” processing of the files with the lp -r command.
S
(Optional) The character set, print wheel, or cartridge used.
T
The title placed on the banner page.
t
The type of content found in the files.
U
The name of the user who submitted the print request.
s
The outcome of the request, shown as a combination of individual bits expressed in hexadecimal format. Several bits are used internally by the print service. The bits and what they mean are described in the following table.
v
  • 0 — Identifies that the print job originated from the in.1pd print daemon or another system on the network.
  • 2 — Identifies that the print job originated from the /usr/bin/lp or /usr/ucb/lpr commands.

  • 1 — Identifies that the print job originated from an older version of the printing software.

x
(Optional) The slow filter used for the print request.
Y
(Optional) The list of special modes for the print filters used to print the request.
z
(Optional) The printer used for the request. This printer differs from the destination (the D line) if the request was queued for any printer or a class of printers, or if the request was moved to another destination.

The following table shows the outcome codes in the LP requests log file and their descriptions.

Table 13-10 Outcome Codes in the requests Log File

Outcome Code
Description
0x0001
The request was held pending resume.
0x0002
Slow filtering is running.
0x0004
Slow filtering finished successfully.
0x0008
The request is on the printer.
0x0010
Printing finished successfully.
0x0020
The request was held pending user change.
0x0040
The request was canceled.
0x0080
The request will print next.
0x0100
The request failed filtering or printing.
0x0200
The request is in transit to a remote printer (obsolete).
0x0400
The user will be notified.
0x0800
A notification is running.
0x1000
A remote system has accepted the request (obsolete).
0x2000
The administrator placed a hold on the request.
0x4000
The printer had to change filters.
0x8000
The request is temporarily stopped.

Spooling Directories

Files queued for printing are stored in the /var/spool/lp directory until they are printed, which might be only seconds. The following table shows the contents of the /var/spool/lp directory.

Table 13-11 Contents of the /var/spool/lp Directory

File
Type
Description
SCHEDLOCK
File
Lock file for the scheduler. Check for this file if the scheduler terminates and will not restart.
admins
Directory
Link to /etc/lp.
bin
Directory
Link to /usr/lib/lp/bin.
logs
Link
Link to ../lp/logs where completed print requests are logged.
model
Link
Link to /usr/lib/lp/model.
requests
Directory
Directory that contains subdirectories for each configured printer where print requests are logged until printed. Users cannot access this log.
system
Directory
A print status file for the system.
temp
Link
Link to /var/spool/lp/tmp/hostname, which contains the spooled requests.
tmp
Directory
Directory for each configured printer where print requests are logged until printed. Changes to existing print requests are also recorded in this directory.

Filtering Print Files

Print filters are programs on the print server that convert the content of a queued file from one format to another format.

A print filter can be as simple or as complex as needed. The Oracle Solaris OS provides print filters in the /usr/lib/lp/postscript directory that cover most situations where the destination printer requires the data to be in PostScript format. If you need filters for non-PostScript printers, you have to create the filters and add them to the systems that need filters.

A set of print filter descriptor files are provided in the /etc/lp/fd directory. These descriptor files describe the characteristics of the filter (for example, fast or slow filter). These description files point to the filter program (for example, to /usr/lib/lp/postscript/postdaisy).

How the Printer Interface Program Works

The LP print service interacts with other parts of the Oracle Solaris OS. The print service uses a standard printer interface program to do the following:

The LP print service uses the standard interface program, found in the /usr/lib/lp/model directory, unless you specify a different program. You can create custom interface programs. However, you must make sure that the custom program does not terminate the connection to the printer or interfere with proper printer initialization.