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Numerical Computation Guide Sun Microsystems

Contents

 Preface

1.  Introduction

Floating-Point Environment

2.  IEEE Arithmetic

IEEE Arithmetic Model
What Is IEEE Arithmetic?
IEEE Formats
Storage Formats
Single Format
Double Format
Double-Extended Format (SPARC)
Double-Extended Format (x86)
Ranges and Precisions in Decimal Representation
Base Conversion in the Solaris Environment
Underflow
Underflow Thresholds
How Does IEEE Arithmetic Treat Underflow?
Why Gradual Underflow?
Error Properties of Gradual Underflow
Two Examples of Gradual Underflow Versus Store 0
Does Underflow Matter?

3.  The Math Libraries

Standard Math Library
Additional Math Libraries
Sun Math Library
Optimized Libraries
Vector Math Library (SPARC only)
libm9x Math Library
Single, Double, and Long Double Precision
IEEE Support Functions
ieee_functions(3m) and ieee_sun(3m)
ieee_values(3m)
ieee_flags(3m)
ieee_retrospective(3m)
nonstandard_arithmetic(3m)
C99 Floating Point Environment Functions
Exception Flag Functions
Rounding Control
Environment Functions
Implementation Features of libm and libsunmath
About the Algorithms
Argument Reduction for Trigonometric Functions
Data Conversion Routines
Random Number Facilities

4.  Exceptions and Exception Handling

What Is an Exception?
Notes for Table 4-1
Detecting Exceptions
ieee_flags(3m)
C99 Exception Flag Functions
Locating an Exception
Using the Debuggers to Locate an Exception
Using a Signal Handler to Locate an Exception
Using libm9x.so Exception Handling Extensions to Locate an Exception
Handling Exceptions

A.  Examples

IEEE Arithmetic
The Math Libraries
Random Number Generator
IEEE Recommended Functions
IEEE Special Values
ieee_flags -- Rounding Direction
C99 Floating Point Environment Functions
Exceptions and Exception Handling
ieee_flags -- Accrued Exceptions
ieee_handler -- Trapping Exceptions
ieee_handler -- Abort on Exceptions
libm9x.so Exception Handling Features
Using libm9x.so with Fortran Programs
Miscellaneous
sigfpe -- Trapping Integer Exceptions
Calling Fortran from C
Useful Debugging Commands

B.  SPARC Behavior and Implementation

Floating-Point Hardware
Floating-Point Status Register and Queue
Special Cases Requiring Software Support
fpversion(1) Function -- Finding Information About the FPU

C.  x86 Behavior and Implementation

D.  What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic

Abstract
Introduction
Rounding Error
Floating-point Formats
Relative Error and Ulps
Guard Digits
Cancellation
Exactly Rounded Operations
The IEEE Standard
Formats and Operations
Special Quantities
NaNs
Exceptions, Flags and Trap Handlers
Systems Aspects
Instruction Sets
Languages and Compilers
Exception Handling
The Details
Rounding Error
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Errors In Summation
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Theorem 14 and Theorem 8
Theorem 14
Proof
Differences Among IEEE 754 Implementations
Current IEEE 754 Implementations
Pitfalls in Computations on Extended-Based Systems
Programming Language Support for Extended Precision
Conclusion

E.  Standards Compliance

SVID History
IEEE 754 History
SVID Future Directions
SVID Implementation
General Notes on Exceptional Cases and libm Functions
Notes on libm
LIA-1 Conformance

F.  References

Chapter 2: "IEEE Arithmetic"
Chapter 3: "The Math Libraries"
Chapter 4: "Exceptions and Signal Handling"
Appendix B: "SPARC Behavior and Implementation"
Standards
Test Programs

 Glossary

 Index


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